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+<!DOCTYPE chapter PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
+"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd"
+[<!ENTITY % poky SYSTEM "../poky.ent"> %poky; ] >
+<!--SPDX-License-Identifier: CC-BY-2.0-UK-->
+
+<chapter id='sdk-working-projects'>
+
+    <title>Using the SDK Toolchain Directly</title>
+
+    <para>
+        You can use the SDK toolchain directly with Makefile and
+        Autotools-based projects.
+    </para>
+
+    <section id='autotools-based-projects'>
+        <title>Autotools-Based Projects</title>
+
+        <para>
+            Once you have a suitable
+            <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#cross-development-toolchain'>cross-development toolchain</ulink>
+            installed, it is very easy to develop a project using the
+            <ulink url='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Build_System'>GNU Autotools-based</ulink>
+            workflow, which is outside of the
+            <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-system-term'>OpenEmbedded build system</ulink>.
+        </para>
+
+        <para>
+            The following figure presents a simple Autotools workflow.
+            <imagedata fileref="figures/sdk-autotools-flow.png" width="7in" height="8in" align="center" />
+        </para>
+
+        <para>
+            Follow these steps to create a simple Autotools-based
+            "Hello World" project:
+            <note>
+                For more information on the GNU Autotools workflow,
+                see the same example on the
+                <ulink url='https://developer.gnome.org/anjuta-build-tutorial/stable/create-autotools.html.en'>GNOME Developer</ulink>
+                site.
+            </note>
+            <orderedlist>
+                <listitem><para>
+                    <emphasis>Create a Working Directory and Populate It:</emphasis>
+                    Create a clean directory for your project and then make
+                    that directory your working location.
+                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
+     $ mkdir $HOME/helloworld
+     $ cd $HOME/helloworld
+                    </literallayout>
+                    After setting up the directory, populate it with files
+                    needed for the flow.
+                    You need a project source file, a file to help with
+                    configuration, and a file to help create the Makefile,
+                    and a README file:
+                    <filename>hello.c</filename>,
+                    <filename>configure.ac</filename>,
+                    <filename>Makefile.am</filename>, and
+                    <filename>README</filename>, respectively.</para>
+
+                    <para> Use the following command to create an empty README
+                    file, which is required by GNU Coding Standards:
+                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
+     $ touch README
+                    </literallayout>
+                    Create the remaining three files as follows:
+                    <itemizedlist>
+                        <listitem><para>
+                            <emphasis><filename>hello.c</filename>:</emphasis>
+                            <literallayout class='monospaced'>
+     #include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
+
+     main()
+        {
+           printf("Hello World!\n");
+        }
+                            </literallayout>
+                            </para></listitem>
+                        <listitem><para>
+                            <emphasis><filename>configure.ac</filename>:</emphasis>
+                            <literallayout class='monospaced'>
+     AC_INIT(hello,0.1)
+     AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([foreign])
+     AC_PROG_CC
+     AC_CONFIG_FILES(Makefile)
+     AC_OUTPUT
+                            </literallayout>
+                            </para></listitem>
+                        <listitem><para>
+                            <emphasis><filename>Makefile.am</filename>:</emphasis>
+                            <literallayout class='monospaced'>
+     bin_PROGRAMS = hello
+     hello_SOURCES = hello.c
+                            </literallayout>
+                            </para></listitem>
+                    </itemizedlist>
+                    </para></listitem>
+                <listitem><para>
+                    <emphasis>Source the Cross-Toolchain
+                    Environment Setup File:</emphasis>
+                    As described earlier in the manual, installing the
+                    cross-toolchain creates a cross-toolchain
+                    environment setup script in the directory that the SDK
+                    was installed.
+                    Before you can use the tools to develop your project,
+                    you must source this setup script.
+                    The script begins with the string "environment-setup"
+                    and contains the machine architecture, which is
+                    followed by the string "poky-linux".
+                    For this example, the command sources a script from the
+                    default SDK installation directory that uses the
+                    32-bit Intel x86 Architecture and the
+                    &DISTRO_NAME; Yocto Project release:
+                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
+     $ source /opt/poky/&DISTRO;/environment-setup-i586-poky-linux
+                    </literallayout>
+                    </para></listitem>
+                <listitem><para>
+                    <emphasis>Create the <filename>configure</filename> Script:</emphasis>
+                    Use the <filename>autoreconf</filename> command to
+                    generate the <filename>configure</filename> script.
+                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
+     $ autoreconf
+                    </literallayout>
+                    The <filename>autoreconf</filename> tool takes care
+                    of running the other Autotools such as
+                    <filename>aclocal</filename>,
+                    <filename>autoconf</filename>, and
+                    <filename>automake</filename>.
+                    <note>
+                        If you get errors from
+                        <filename>configure.ac</filename>, which
+                        <filename>autoreconf</filename> runs, that indicate
+                        missing files, you can use the "-i" option, which
+                        ensures missing auxiliary files are copied to the build
+                        host.
+                    </note>
+                    </para></listitem>
+                <listitem><para>
+                    <emphasis>Cross-Compile the Project:</emphasis>
+                    This command compiles the project using the
+                    cross-compiler.
+                    The
+                    <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-CONFIGURE_FLAGS'><filename>CONFIGURE_FLAGS</filename></ulink>
+                    environment variable provides the minimal arguments for
+                    GNU configure:
+                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
+     $ ./configure ${CONFIGURE_FLAGS}
+                    </literallayout>
+                    For an Autotools-based project, you can use the
+                    cross-toolchain by just passing the appropriate host
+                    option to <filename>configure.sh</filename>.
+                    The host option you use is derived from the name of the
+                    environment setup script found in the directory in which
+                    you installed the cross-toolchain.
+                    For example, the host option for an ARM-based target that
+                    uses the GNU EABI is
+                    <filename>armv5te-poky-linux-gnueabi</filename>.
+                    You will notice that the name of the script is
+                    <filename>environment-setup-armv5te-poky-linux-gnueabi</filename>.
+                    Thus, the following command works to update your project
+                    and rebuild it using the appropriate cross-toolchain tools:
+                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
+     $ ./configure --host=armv5te-poky-linux-gnueabi --with-libtool-sysroot=<replaceable>sysroot_dir</replaceable>
+                    </literallayout>
+                    </para></listitem>
+                <listitem><para>
+                    <emphasis>Make and Install the Project:</emphasis>
+                    These two commands generate and install the project
+                    into the destination directory:
+                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
+     $ make
+     $ make install DESTDIR=./tmp
+                    </literallayout>
+                    <note>
+                        To learn about environment variables established
+                        when you run the cross-toolchain environment setup
+                        script and how they are used or overridden when
+                        the Makefile, see the
+                        "<link linkend='makefile-based-projects'>Makefile-Based Projects</link>"
+                        section.
+                    </note>
+                    This next command is a simple way to verify the
+                    installation of your project.
+                    Running the command prints the architecture on which
+                    the binary file can run.
+                    This architecture should be the same architecture that
+                    the installed cross-toolchain supports.
+                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
+     $ file ./tmp/usr/local/bin/hello
+                    </literallayout>
+                    </para></listitem>
+                <listitem><para>
+                    <emphasis>Execute Your Project:</emphasis>
+                    To execute the project, you would need to run it on your
+                    target hardware.
+                    If your target hardware happens to be your build host,
+                    you could run the project as follows:
+                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
+     $ ./tmp/usr/local/bin/hello
+                    </literallayout>
+                    As expected, the project displays the "Hello World!"
+                    message.
+                    </para></listitem>
+            </orderedlist>
+        </para>
+    </section>
+
+    <section id='makefile-based-projects'>
+        <title>Makefile-Based Projects</title>
+
+        <para>
+            Simple Makefile-based projects use and interact with the
+            cross-toolchain environment variables established when you run
+            the cross-toolchain environment setup script.
+            The environment variables are subject to general
+            <filename>make</filename> rules.
+        </para>
+
+        <para>
+            This section presents a simple Makefile development flow and
+            provides an example that lets you see how you can use
+            cross-toolchain environment variables and Makefile variables
+            during development.
+            <imagedata fileref="figures/sdk-makefile-flow.png" width="6in" height="7in" align="center" />
+        </para>
+
+        <para>
+            The main point of this section is to explain the following three
+            cases regarding variable behavior:
+            <itemizedlist>
+                <listitem><para>
+                    <emphasis>Case 1 - No Variables Set in the
+                    <filename>Makefile</filename> Map to Equivalent
+                    Environment Variables Set in the SDK Setup Script:</emphasis>
+                    Because matching variables are not specifically set in the
+                    <filename>Makefile</filename>, the variables retain their
+                    values based on the environment setup script.
+                    </para></listitem>
+                <listitem><para>
+                    <emphasis>Case 2 - Variables Are Set in the Makefile that
+                    Map to Equivalent Environment Variables from the SDK
+                    Setup Script:</emphasis>
+                    Specifically setting matching variables in the
+                    <filename>Makefile</filename> during the build results in
+                    the environment settings of the variables being
+                    overwritten.
+                    In this case, the variables you set in the
+                    <filename>Makefile</filename> are used.
+                    </para></listitem>
+                <listitem><para>
+                    <emphasis>Case 3 - Variables Are Set Using the Command Line
+                    that Map to Equivalent Environment Variables from the
+                    SDK Setup Script:</emphasis>
+                    Executing the <filename>Makefile</filename> from the
+                    command line results in the environment variables being
+                    overwritten.
+                    In this case, the command-line content is used.
+                    </para></listitem>
+            </itemizedlist>
+            <note>
+                Regardless of how you set your variables, if you use
+                the "-e" option with <filename>make</filename>, the
+                variables from the SDK setup script take precedence:
+                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
+     $ make -e <replaceable>target</replaceable>
+                </literallayout>
+            </note>
+        </para>
+
+        <para>
+            The remainder of this section presents a simple Makefile example
+            that demonstrates these variable behaviors.
+        </para>
+
+        <para>
+            In a new shell environment variables are not established for the
+            SDK until you run the setup script.
+            For example, the following commands show a null value for the
+            compiler variable (i.e.
+            <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-CC'><filename>CC</filename></ulink>).
+            <literallayout class='monospaced'>
+     $ echo ${CC}
+
+     $
+            </literallayout>
+            Running the SDK setup script for a 64-bit build host and an
+            i586-tuned target architecture for a
+            <filename>core-image-sato</filename> image using the current
+            &DISTRO; Yocto Project release and then echoing that variable
+            shows the value established through the script:
+            <literallayout class='monospaced'>
+     $ source /opt/poky/&DISTRO;/environment-setup-i586-poky-linux
+     $ echo ${CC}
+     i586-poky-linux-gcc -m32 -march=i586 --sysroot=/opt/poky/2.5/sysroots/i586-poky-linux
+            </literallayout>
+        </para>
+
+        <para>
+            To illustrate variable use, work through this simple "Hello World!"
+            example:
+            <orderedlist>
+                <listitem><para>
+                    <emphasis>Create a Working Directory and Populate It:</emphasis>
+                    Create a clean directory for your project and then make
+                    that directory your working location.
+                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
+     $ mkdir $HOME/helloworld
+     $ cd $HOME/helloworld
+                    </literallayout>
+                    After setting up the directory, populate it with files
+                    needed for the flow.
+                    You need a <filename>main.c</filename> file from which you
+                    call your function, a <filename>module.h</filename> file
+                    to contain headers, and a <filename>module.c</filename>
+                    that defines your function.
+                    </para>
+
+                    <para>Create the three files as follows:
+                        <itemizedlist>
+                            <listitem><para>
+                                <emphasis><filename>main.c</filename>:</emphasis>
+                                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
+     #include "module.h"
+     void sample_func();
+     int main()
+     {
+     	sample_func();
+     	return 0;
+     }
+                                </literallayout>
+                                </para></listitem>
+                            <listitem><para>
+                                <emphasis><filename>module.h</filename>:</emphasis>
+                                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
+     #include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
+     void sample_func();
+                                </literallayout>
+                                </para></listitem>
+                            <listitem><para>
+                                <emphasis><filename>module.c</filename>:</emphasis>
+                                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
+     #include "module.h"
+     void sample_func()
+     {
+	     printf("Hello World!");
+	     printf("\n");
+     }
+                                </literallayout>
+                                </para></listitem>
+                        </itemizedlist>
+                    </para></listitem>
+                <listitem><para>
+                    <emphasis>Source the Cross-Toolchain Environment Setup File:</emphasis>
+                    As described earlier in the manual, installing the
+                    cross-toolchain creates a cross-toolchain environment setup
+                    script in the directory that the SDK was installed.
+                    Before you can use the tools to develop your project,
+                    you must source this setup script.
+                    The script begins with the string "environment-setup"
+                    and contains the machine architecture, which is
+                    followed by the string "poky-linux".
+                    For this example, the command sources a script from the
+                    default SDK installation directory that uses the
+                    32-bit Intel x86 Architecture and the
+                    &DISTRO_NAME; Yocto Project release:
+                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
+     $ source /opt/poky/&DISTRO;/environment-setup-i586-poky-linux
+                    </literallayout>
+                    </para></listitem>
+                <listitem><para>
+                    <emphasis>Create the <filename>Makefile</filename>:</emphasis>
+                    For this example, the Makefile contains two lines that
+                    can be used to set the <filename>CC</filename> variable.
+                    One line is identical to the value that is set when you
+                    run the SDK environment setup script, and the other line
+                    sets <filename>CC</filename> to "gcc", the default GNU
+                    compiler on the build host:
+                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
+     # CC=i586-poky-linux-gcc  -m32 -march=i586 --sysroot=/opt/poky/2.5/sysroots/i586-poky-linux
+     # CC="gcc"
+     all: main.o module.o
+     	 ${CC} main.o module.o -o target_bin
+     main.o: main.c module.h
+	     ${CC} -I . -c main.c
+     module.o: module.c module.h
+	     ${CC} -I . -c module.c
+     clean:
+	     rm -rf *.o
+	     rm target_bin
+                    </literallayout>
+                    </para></listitem>
+                <listitem><para>
+                    <emphasis>Make the Project:</emphasis>
+                    Use the <filename>make</filename> command to create the
+                    binary output file.
+                    Because variables are commented out in the Makefile,
+                    the value used for <filename>CC</filename> is the value
+                    set when the SDK environment setup file was run:
+                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
+     $ make
+     i586-poky-linux-gcc  -m32 -march=i586 --sysroot=/opt/poky/2.5/sysroots/i586-poky-linux -I . -c main.c
+     i586-poky-linux-gcc  -m32 -march=i586 --sysroot=/opt/poky/2.5/sysroots/i586-poky-linux -I . -c module.c
+     i586-poky-linux-gcc  -m32 -march=i586 --sysroot=/opt/poky/2.5/sysroots/i586-poky-linux main.o module.o -o target_bin
+                    </literallayout>
+                    From the results of the previous command, you can see that
+                    the compiler used was the compiler established through
+                    the <filename>CC</filename> variable defined in the
+                    setup script.</para>
+
+                    <para>You can override the <filename>CC</filename>
+                    environment variable with the same variable as set from
+                    the Makefile by uncommenting the line in the Makefile
+                    and running <filename>make</filename> again.
+                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
+     $ make clean
+     rm -rf *.o
+     rm target_bin
+     #
+     # Edit the Makefile by uncommenting the line that sets CC to "gcc"
+     #
+     $ make
+     gcc -I . -c main.c
+     gcc -I . -c module.c
+     gcc main.o module.o -o target_bin
+                    </literallayout>
+                    As shown in the previous example, the cross-toolchain
+                    compiler is not used.
+                    Rather, the default compiler is used.</para>
+
+                    <para>This next case shows how to override a variable
+                    by providing the variable as part of the command line.
+                    Go into the Makefile and re-insert the comment character
+                    so that running <filename>make</filename> uses
+                    the established SDK compiler.
+                    However, when you run <filename>make</filename>, use a
+                    command-line argument to set <filename>CC</filename>
+                    to "gcc":
+                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
+     $ make clean
+     rm -rf *.o
+     rm target_bin
+     #
+     # Edit the Makefile to comment out the line setting CC to "gcc"
+     #
+     $ make
+     i586-poky-linux-gcc  -m32 -march=i586 --sysroot=/opt/poky/2.5/sysroots/i586-poky-linux -I . -c main.c
+     i586-poky-linux-gcc  -m32 -march=i586 --sysroot=/opt/poky/2.5/sysroots/i586-poky-linux -I . -c module.c
+     i586-poky-linux-gcc  -m32 -march=i586 --sysroot=/opt/poky/2.5/sysroots/i586-poky-linux main.o module.o -o target_bin
+     $ make clean
+     rm -rf *.o
+     rm target_bin
+     $ make CC="gcc"
+     gcc -I . -c main.c
+     gcc -I . -c module.c
+     gcc main.o module.o -o target_bin
+                    </literallayout>
+                    In the previous case, the command-line argument overrides
+                    the SDK environment variable.</para>
+
+                    <para>In this last case, edit Makefile again to use the
+                    "gcc" compiler but then use the "-e" option on the
+                    <filename>make</filename> command line:
+                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
+     $ make clean
+     rm -rf *.o
+     rm target_bin
+     #
+     # Edit the Makefile to use "gcc"
+     #
+     $ make
+     gcc -I . -c main.c
+     gcc -I . -c module.c
+     gcc main.o module.o -o target_bin
+     $ make clean
+     rm -rf *.o
+     rm target_bin
+     $ make -e
+     i586-poky-linux-gcc  -m32 -march=i586 --sysroot=/opt/poky/2.5/sysroots/i586-poky-linux -I . -c main.c
+     i586-poky-linux-gcc  -m32 -march=i586 --sysroot=/opt/poky/2.5/sysroots/i586-poky-linux -I . -c module.c
+     i586-poky-linux-gcc  -m32 -march=i586 --sysroot=/opt/poky/2.5/sysroots/i586-poky-linux main.o module.o -o target_bin
+                    </literallayout>
+                    In the previous case, the "-e" option forces
+                    <filename>make</filename> to use the SDK environment
+                    variables regardless of the values in the Makefile.
+                    </para></listitem>
+                <listitem><para>
+                    <emphasis>Execute Your Project:</emphasis>
+                    To execute the project (i.e.
+                    <filename>target_bin</filename>), use the following
+                    command:
+                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
+     $ ./target_bin
+     Hello World!
+                    </literallayout>
+                    <note>
+                        If you used the cross-toolchain compiler to build
+                        <filename>target_bin</filename> and your build host
+                        differs in architecture from that of the target
+                        machine, you need to run your project on the target
+                        device.
+                    </note>
+                    As expected, the project displays the "Hello World!"
+                    message.
+                    </para></listitem>
+            </orderedlist>
+        </para>
+    </section>
+</chapter>
+<!--
+vim: expandtab tw=80 ts=4
+-->