diff --git a/src/crowtest/crow_unittest.cpp b/src/crowtest/crow_unittest.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8072c92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/crowtest/crow_unittest.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,1091 @@
+//#define CROW_ENABLE_LOGGING
+#define CROW_ENABLE_DEBUG
+#include <iostream>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <vector>
+#include "crow.h"
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#undef CROW_LOG_LEVEL
+#define CROW_LOG_LEVEL 0
+
+using namespace std;
+using namespace crow;
+
+bool failed__ = false;
+void error_print()
+{
+    cerr << endl;
+}
+
+template <typename A, typename ...Args>
+void error_print(const A& a, Args...args)
+{
+    cerr<<a;
+    error_print(args...);
+}
+
+template <typename ...Args>
+void fail(Args...args) { error_print(args...);failed__ = true; }
+
+#define ASSERT_EQUAL(a, b) if ((a) != (b)) fail(__FILE__ ":", __LINE__, ": Assert fail: expected ", (a), " actual ", (b),  ", " #a " == " #b ", at " __FILE__ ":",__LINE__)
+#define ASSERT_NOTEQUAL(a, b) if ((a) == (b)) fail(__FILE__ ":", __LINE__, ": Assert fail: not expected ", (a), ", " #a " != " #b ", at " __FILE__ ":",__LINE__)
+
+#define DISABLE_TEST(x) struct test##x{void test();}x##_; \
+    void test##x::test()
+
+
+#define LOCALHOST_ADDRESS "127.0.0.1"
+
+
+TEST(Crow, Rule)
+{
+    TaggedRule<> r("/http/");
+    r.name("abc");
+
+    // empty handler - fail to validate
+    try
+    {
+        r.validate();
+        fail("empty handler should fail to validate");
+    }
+    catch(runtime_error& e)
+    {
+    }
+
+    int x = 0;
+
+    // registering handler
+    r([&x]{x = 1;return "";});
+
+    r.validate();
+
+    response res;
+
+    // executing handler
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(0, x);
+    r.handle(request(), res, routing_params());
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(1, x);
+
+    // registering handler with request argument
+    r([&x](const crow::request&){x = 2;return "";});
+
+    r.validate();
+
+    // executing handler
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(1, x);
+    r.handle(request(), res, routing_params());
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(2, x);
+}
+
+TEST(Crow, ParameterTagging)
+{
+    static_assert(black_magic::is_valid("<int><int><int>"), "valid url");
+    static_assert(!black_magic::is_valid("<int><int<<int>"), "invalid url");
+    static_assert(!black_magic::is_valid("nt>"), "invalid url");
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(1, black_magic::get_parameter_tag("<int>"));
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(2, black_magic::get_parameter_tag("<uint>"));
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(3, black_magic::get_parameter_tag("<float>"));
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(3, black_magic::get_parameter_tag("<double>"));
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(4, black_magic::get_parameter_tag("<str>"));
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(4, black_magic::get_parameter_tag("<string>"));
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(5, black_magic::get_parameter_tag("<path>"));
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(6*6+6+1, black_magic::get_parameter_tag("<int><int><int>"));
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(6*6+6+2, black_magic::get_parameter_tag("<uint><int><int>"));
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(6*6+6*3+2, black_magic::get_parameter_tag("<uint><double><int>"));
+
+    // url definition parsed in compile time, build into *one number*, and given to template argument
+    static_assert(std::is_same<black_magic::S<uint64_t, double, int64_t>, black_magic::arguments<6*6+6*3+2>::type>::value, "tag to type container");
+}
+
+TEST(Crow, PathRouting)
+{
+    SimpleApp app;
+
+    CROW_ROUTE(app, "/file")
+    ([]{
+        return "file";
+    });
+
+    CROW_ROUTE(app, "/path/")
+    ([]{
+        return "path";
+    });
+
+    {
+        request req;
+        response res;
+
+        req.url = "/file";
+
+        app.handle(req, res);
+
+        ASSERT_EQUAL(200, res.code);
+    }
+    {
+        request req;
+        response res;
+
+        req.url = "/file/";
+
+        app.handle(req, res);
+        ASSERT_EQUAL(404, res.code);
+    }
+    {
+        request req;
+        response res;
+
+        req.url = "/path";
+
+        app.handle(req, res);
+        ASSERT_NOTEQUAL(404, res.code);
+    }
+    {
+        request req;
+        response res;
+
+        req.url = "/path/";
+
+        app.handle(req, res);
+        ASSERT_EQUAL(200, res.code);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST(Crow, RoutingTest)
+{
+    SimpleApp app;
+    int A{};
+    uint32_t B{};
+    double C{};
+    string D{};
+    string E{};
+
+    CROW_ROUTE(app, "/0/<uint>")
+    ([&](uint32_t b){
+        B = b;
+        return "OK";
+    });
+
+    CROW_ROUTE(app, "/1/<int>/<uint>")
+    ([&](int a, uint32_t b){
+        A = a; B = b;
+        return "OK";
+    });
+
+    CROW_ROUTE(app, "/4/<int>/<uint>/<double>/<string>")
+    ([&](int a, uint32_t b, double c, string d){
+        A = a; B = b; C = c; D = d;
+        return "OK";
+    });
+
+    CROW_ROUTE(app, "/5/<int>/<uint>/<double>/<string>/<path>")
+    ([&](int a, uint32_t b, double c, string d, string e){
+        A = a; B = b; C = c; D = d; E = e;
+        return "OK";
+    });
+
+    app.validate();
+    //app.debug_print();
+	{
+        request req;
+        response res;
+
+        req.url = "/-1";
+
+        app.handle(req, res);
+
+        ASSERT_EQUAL(404, res.code);
+	}
+
+    {
+        request req;
+        response res;
+
+        req.url = "/0/1001999";
+
+        app.handle(req, res);
+
+        ASSERT_EQUAL(200, res.code);
+
+        ASSERT_EQUAL(1001999, B);
+    }
+
+    {
+        request req;
+        response res;
+
+        req.url = "/1/-100/1999";
+
+        app.handle(req, res);
+
+        ASSERT_EQUAL(200, res.code);
+
+        ASSERT_EQUAL(-100, A);
+        ASSERT_EQUAL(1999, B);
+    }
+    {
+        request req;
+        response res;
+
+        req.url = "/4/5000/3/-2.71828/hellhere";
+        req.add_header("TestHeader", "Value");
+
+        app.handle(req, res);
+
+        ASSERT_EQUAL(200, res.code);
+
+        ASSERT_EQUAL(5000, A);
+        ASSERT_EQUAL(3, B);
+        ASSERT_EQUAL(-2.71828, C);
+        ASSERT_EQUAL("hellhere", D);
+    }
+    {
+        request req;
+        response res;
+
+        req.url = "/5/-5/999/3.141592/hello_there/a/b/c/d";
+        req.add_header("TestHeader", "Value");
+
+        app.handle(req, res);
+
+        ASSERT_EQUAL(200, res.code);
+
+        ASSERT_EQUAL(-5, A);
+        ASSERT_EQUAL(999, B);
+        ASSERT_EQUAL(3.141592, C);
+        ASSERT_EQUAL("hello_there", D);
+        ASSERT_EQUAL("a/b/c/d", E);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST(Crow, simple_response_routing_params)
+{
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(100, response(100).code);
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(200, response("Hello there").code);
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(500, response(500, "Internal Error?").code);
+
+    routing_params rp;
+    rp.int_params.push_back(1);
+    rp.int_params.push_back(5);
+    rp.uint_params.push_back(2);
+    rp.double_params.push_back(3);
+    rp.string_params.push_back("hello");
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(1, rp.get<int64_t>(0));
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(5, rp.get<int64_t>(1));
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(2, rp.get<uint64_t>(0));
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(3, rp.get<double>(0));
+    ASSERT_EQUAL("hello", rp.get<string>(0));
+}
+
+TEST(Crow, handler_with_response)
+{
+    SimpleApp app;
+    CROW_ROUTE(app, "/")([](const crow::request&, crow::response&)
+    {
+    });
+}
+
+TEST(Crow, http_method)
+{
+    SimpleApp app;
+
+    CROW_ROUTE(app, "/")
+        .methods("POST"_method, "GET"_method)
+    ([](const request& req){
+        if (req.method == "GET"_method)
+            return "2";
+        else
+            return "1";
+    });
+
+    CROW_ROUTE(app, "/get_only")
+        .methods("GET"_method)
+    ([](const request& /*req*/){
+        return "get";
+    });
+    CROW_ROUTE(app, "/post_only")
+        .methods("POST"_method)
+    ([](const request& /*req*/){
+        return "post";
+    });
+
+
+    // cannot have multiple handlers for the same url
+    //CROW_ROUTE(app, "/")
+    //.methods("GET"_method)
+    //([]{ return "2"; });
+
+    {
+        request req;
+        response res;
+
+        req.url = "/";
+        app.handle(req, res);
+
+        ASSERT_EQUAL("2", res.body);
+    }
+    {
+        request req;
+        response res;
+
+        req.url = "/";
+        req.method = "POST"_method;
+        app.handle(req, res);
+
+        ASSERT_EQUAL("1", res.body);
+    }
+
+    {
+        request req;
+        response res;
+
+        req.url = "/get_only";
+        app.handle(req, res);
+
+        ASSERT_EQUAL("get", res.body);
+    }
+
+    {
+        request req;
+        response res;
+
+        req.url = "/get_only";
+        req.method = "POST"_method;
+        app.handle(req, res);
+
+        ASSERT_NOTEQUAL("get", res.body);
+    }
+
+}
+
+TEST(Crow, server_handling_error_request)
+{
+    static char buf[2048];
+    SimpleApp app;
+    CROW_ROUTE(app, "/")([]{return "A";});
+    Server<SimpleApp> server(&app, LOCALHOST_ADDRESS, 45451);
+    auto _ = async(launch::async, [&]{server.run();});
+    std::string sendmsg = "POX";
+    asio::io_service is;
+    {
+        asio::ip::tcp::socket c(is);
+        c.connect(asio::ip::tcp::endpoint(asio::ip::address::from_string(LOCALHOST_ADDRESS), 45451));
+
+
+        c.send(asio::buffer(sendmsg));
+
+        try
+        {
+            c.receive(asio::buffer(buf, 2048));
+            fail();
+        }
+        catch(std::exception& e)
+        {
+            //std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
+        }
+    }
+    server.stop();
+}
+
+TEST(Crow, multi_server)
+{
+    static char buf[2048];
+    SimpleApp app1, app2;
+    CROW_ROUTE(app1, "/").methods("GET"_method, "POST"_method)([]{return "A";});
+    CROW_ROUTE(app2, "/").methods("GET"_method, "POST"_method)([]{return "B";});
+
+    Server<SimpleApp> server1(&app1, LOCALHOST_ADDRESS, 45451);
+    Server<SimpleApp> server2(&app2, LOCALHOST_ADDRESS, 45452);
+
+    auto _ = async(launch::async, [&]{server1.run();});
+    auto _2 = async(launch::async, [&]{server2.run();});
+
+    std::string sendmsg = "POST /\r\nContent-Length:3\r\nX-HeaderTest: 123\r\n\r\nA=B\r\n";
+    asio::io_service is;
+    {
+        asio::ip::tcp::socket c(is);
+        c.connect(asio::ip::tcp::endpoint(asio::ip::address::from_string(LOCALHOST_ADDRESS), 45451));
+
+        c.send(asio::buffer(sendmsg));
+
+        size_t recved = c.receive(asio::buffer(buf, 2048));
+        ASSERT_EQUAL('A', buf[recved-1]);
+    }
+
+    {
+        asio::ip::tcp::socket c(is);
+        c.connect(asio::ip::tcp::endpoint(asio::ip::address::from_string(LOCALHOST_ADDRESS), 45452));
+
+        for(auto ch:sendmsg)
+        {
+            char buf[1] = {ch};
+            c.send(asio::buffer(buf));
+        }
+
+        size_t recved = c.receive(asio::buffer(buf, 2048));
+        ASSERT_EQUAL('B', buf[recved-1]);
+    }
+
+    server1.stop();
+    server2.stop();
+}
+
+TEST(Crow, json_read)
+{
+	{
+        const char* json_error_tests[] =
+        {
+            "{} 3", "{{}", "{3}",
+            "3.4.5", "+3", "3-2", "00", "03", "1e3e3", "1e+.3",
+            "nll", "f", "t",
+            "{\"x\":3,}",
+            "{\"x\"}",
+            "{\"x\":3   q}",
+            "{\"x\":[3 4]}",
+            "{\"x\":[\"",
+            "{\"x\":[[], 4],\"y\",}",
+            "{\"x\":[3",
+            "{\"x\":[ null, false, true}",
+        };
+        for(auto s:json_error_tests)
+        {
+            auto x = json::load(s);
+            if (x)
+            {
+                fail("should fail to parse ", s);
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+	}
+
+    auto x = json::load(R"({"message":"hello, world"})");
+    if (!x)
+        fail("fail to parse");
+    ASSERT_EQUAL("hello, world", x["message"]);
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(1, x.size());
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(false, x.has("mess"));
+    ASSERT_THROW(x["mess"], std::exception);
+    // TODO returning false is better than exception
+    //ASSERT_THROW(3 == x["message"], std::exception);
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(12, x["message"].size());
+
+    std::string s = R"({"int":3,     "ints"  :[1,2,3,4,5]		})";
+    auto y = json::load(s);
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(3, y["int"]);
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(3.0, y["int"]);
+    ASSERT_NOTEQUAL(3.01, y["int"]);
+	ASSERT_EQUAL(5, y["ints"].size());
+	ASSERT_EQUAL(1, y["ints"][0]);
+	ASSERT_EQUAL(2, y["ints"][1]);
+	ASSERT_EQUAL(3, y["ints"][2]);
+	ASSERT_EQUAL(4, y["ints"][3]);
+	ASSERT_EQUAL(5, y["ints"][4]);
+	ASSERT_EQUAL(1u, y["ints"][0]);
+	ASSERT_EQUAL(1.f, y["ints"][0]);
+
+	int q = (int)y["ints"][1];
+	ASSERT_EQUAL(2, q);
+	q = y["ints"][2].i();
+	ASSERT_EQUAL(3, q);
+
+    std::string s2 = R"({"bools":[true, false], "doubles":[1.2, -3.4]})";
+    auto z = json::load(s2);
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(2, z["bools"].size());
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(2, z["doubles"].size());
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(true, z["bools"][0].b());
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(false, z["bools"][1].b());
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(1.2, z["doubles"][0].d());
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(-3.4, z["doubles"][1].d());
+
+    std::string s3 = R"({"uint64": 18446744073709551615})";
+    auto z1 = json::load(s3);
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(18446744073709551615ull, z1["uint64"].u());
+}
+
+TEST(Crow, json_read_real)
+{
+    vector<std::string> v{"0.036303908355795146", "0.18320417789757412",
+    "0.05319940476190476", "0.15224702380952382", "0", "0.3296201145552561",
+    "0.47921580188679247", "0.05873511904761905", "0.1577827380952381",
+    "0.4996841307277628", "0.6425412735849056", "0.052113095238095236",
+    "0.12830357142857143", "0.7871041105121294", "0.954220013477089",
+    "0.05869047619047619", "0.1625", "0.8144794474393531",
+    "0.9721613881401617", "0.1399404761904762", "0.24470238095238095",
+    "0.04527459568733154", "0.2096950808625337", "0.35267857142857145",
+    "0.42791666666666667", "0.855731974393531", "0.9352467991913747",
+    "0.3816220238095238", "0.4282886904761905", "0.39414167789757415",
+    "0.5316079851752021", "0.3809375", "0.4571279761904762",
+    "0.03522995283018868", "0.1915641846361186", "0.6164136904761904",
+    "0.7192708333333333", "0.05675117924528302", "0.21308541105121293",
+    "0.7045386904761904", "0.8016815476190476"};
+    for(auto x:v)
+    {
+        CROW_LOG_DEBUG << x;
+        ASSERT_EQUAL(json::load(x).d(), boost::lexical_cast<double>(x));
+    }
+
+    auto ret = json::load(R"---({"balloons":[{"mode":"ellipse","left":0.036303908355795146,"right":0.18320417789757412,"top":0.05319940476190476,"bottom":0.15224702380952382,"index":"0"},{"mode":"ellipse","left":0.3296201145552561,"right":0.47921580188679247,"top":0.05873511904761905,"bottom":0.1577827380952381,"index":"1"},{"mode":"ellipse","left":0.4996841307277628,"right":0.6425412735849056,"top":0.052113095238095236,"bottom":0.12830357142857143,"index":"2"},{"mode":"ellipse","left":0.7871041105121294,"right":0.954220013477089,"top":0.05869047619047619,"bottom":0.1625,"index":"3"},{"mode":"ellipse","left":0.8144794474393531,"right":0.9721613881401617,"top":0.1399404761904762,"bottom":0.24470238095238095,"index":"4"},{"mode":"ellipse","left":0.04527459568733154,"right":0.2096950808625337,"top":0.35267857142857145,"bottom":0.42791666666666667,"index":"5"},{"mode":"ellipse","left":0.855731974393531,"right":0.9352467991913747,"top":0.3816220238095238,"bottom":0.4282886904761905,"index":"6"},{"mode":"ellipse","left":0.39414167789757415,"right":0.5316079851752021,"top":0.3809375,"bottom":0.4571279761904762,"index":"7"},{"mode":"ellipse","left":0.03522995283018868,"right":0.1915641846361186,"top":0.6164136904761904,"bottom":0.7192708333333333,"index":"8"},{"mode":"ellipse","left":0.05675117924528302,"right":0.21308541105121293,"top":0.7045386904761904,"bottom":0.8016815476190476,"index":"9"}]})---");
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ret);
+}
+
+TEST(Crow, json_read_unescaping)
+{
+    {
+        auto x = json::load(R"({"data":"\ud55c\n\t\r"})");
+        if (!x)
+        {
+            fail("fail to parse");
+            return;
+        }
+        ASSERT_EQUAL(6, x["data"].size());
+        ASSERT_EQUAL("한\n\t\r", x["data"]);
+    }
+    {
+        // multiple r_string instance
+        auto x = json::load(R"({"data":"\ud55c\n\t\r"})");
+        auto a = x["data"].s();
+        auto b = x["data"].s();
+        ASSERT_EQUAL(6, a.size());
+        ASSERT_EQUAL(6, b.size());
+        ASSERT_EQUAL(6, x["data"].size());
+    }
+}
+
+TEST(Crow, json_write)
+{
+    json::wvalue x;
+    x["message"] = "hello world";
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(R"({"message":"hello world"})", json::dump(x));
+    x["message"] = std::string("string value");
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(R"({"message":"string value"})", json::dump(x));
+    x["message"]["x"] = 3;
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(R"({"message":{"x":3}})", json::dump(x));
+    x["message"]["y"] = 5;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(R"({"message":{"x":3,"y":5}})" == json::dump(x) || R"({"message":{"y":5,"x":3}})" == json::dump(x));
+    x["message"] = 5.5;
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(R"({"message":5.5})", json::dump(x));
+
+    json::wvalue y;
+    y["scores"][0] = 1;
+    y["scores"][1] = "king";
+    y["scores"][2] = 3.5;
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(R"({"scores":[1,"king",3.5]})", json::dump(y));
+
+    y["scores"][2][0] = "real";
+    y["scores"][2][1] = false;
+    y["scores"][2][2] = true;
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(R"({"scores":[1,"king",["real",false,true]]})", json::dump(y));
+
+    y["scores"]["a"]["b"]["c"] = nullptr;
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(R"({"scores":{"a":{"b":{"c":null}}}})", json::dump(y));
+
+    y["scores"] = std::vector<int>{1,2,3};
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(R"({"scores":[1,2,3]})", json::dump(y));
+
+}
+
+TEST(Crow, template_basic)
+{
+    auto t = crow::mustache::compile(R"---(attack of {{name}})---");
+    crow::mustache::context ctx;
+    ctx["name"] = "killer tomatoes";
+    auto result = t.render(ctx);
+    ASSERT_EQUAL("attack of killer tomatoes", result);
+    //crow::mustache::load("basic.mustache");
+}
+
+TEST(Crow, template_load)
+{
+    crow::mustache::set_base(".");
+    ofstream("test.mustache") << R"---(attack of {{name}})---";
+    auto t = crow::mustache::load("test.mustache");
+    crow::mustache::context ctx;
+    ctx["name"] = "killer tomatoes";
+    auto result = t.render(ctx);
+    ASSERT_EQUAL("attack of killer tomatoes", result);
+    unlink("test.mustache");
+}
+
+TEST(Crow, black_magic)
+{
+    using namespace black_magic;
+    static_assert(std::is_same<void, last_element_type<int, char, void>::type>::value, "last_element_type");
+    static_assert(std::is_same<char, pop_back<int, char, void>::rebind<last_element_type>::type>::value, "pop_back");
+    static_assert(std::is_same<int, pop_back<int, char, void>::rebind<pop_back>::rebind<last_element_type>::type>::value, "pop_back");
+}
+
+struct NullMiddleware
+{
+    struct context {};
+
+    template <typename AllContext>
+    void before_handle(request&, response&, context&, AllContext&)
+    {}
+
+    template <typename AllContext>
+    void after_handle(request&, response&, context&, AllContext&)
+    {}
+};
+
+struct NullSimpleMiddleware
+{
+    struct context {};
+
+    void before_handle(request& /*req*/, response& /*res*/, context& /*ctx*/)
+    {}
+
+    void after_handle(request& /*req*/, response& /*res*/, context& /*ctx*/)
+    {}
+};
+
+
+TEST(Crow, middleware_simple)
+{
+    App<NullMiddleware, NullSimpleMiddleware> app;
+    decltype(app)::server_t server(&app, LOCALHOST_ADDRESS, 45451);
+    CROW_ROUTE(app, "/")([&](const crow::request& req)
+    {
+        app.get_context<NullMiddleware>(req);
+        app.get_context<NullSimpleMiddleware>(req);
+        return "";
+    });
+}
+
+struct IntSettingMiddleware
+{
+    struct context { int val; };
+
+    template <typename AllContext>
+    void before_handle(request&, response&, context& ctx, AllContext& )
+    {
+        ctx.val = 1;
+    }
+
+    template <typename AllContext>
+    void after_handle(request&, response&, context& ctx, AllContext& )
+    {
+        ctx.val = 2;
+    }
+};
+
+std::vector<std::string> test_middleware_context_vector;
+
+struct FirstMW
+{
+    struct context
+    {
+        std::vector<string> v;
+    };
+
+    void before_handle(request& /*req*/, response& /*res*/, context& ctx)
+    {
+        ctx.v.push_back("1 before");
+    }
+
+    void after_handle(request& /*req*/, response& /*res*/, context& ctx)
+    {
+        ctx.v.push_back("1 after");
+        test_middleware_context_vector = ctx.v;
+    }
+};
+
+struct SecondMW
+{
+    struct context {};
+    template <typename AllContext>
+    void before_handle(request& req, response& res, context&, AllContext& all_ctx)
+    {
+        all_ctx.template get<FirstMW>().v.push_back("2 before");
+        if (req.url == "/break")
+            res.end();
+    }
+
+    template <typename AllContext>
+    void after_handle(request&, response&, context&, AllContext& all_ctx)
+    {
+        all_ctx.template get<FirstMW>().v.push_back("2 after");
+    }
+};
+
+struct ThirdMW
+{
+    struct context {};
+    template <typename AllContext>
+    void before_handle(request&, response&, context&, AllContext& all_ctx)
+    {
+        all_ctx.template get<FirstMW>().v.push_back("3 before");
+    }
+
+    template <typename AllContext>
+    void after_handle(request&, response&, context&, AllContext& all_ctx)
+    {
+        all_ctx.template get<FirstMW>().v.push_back("3 after");
+    }
+};
+
+TEST(Crow, middleware_context)
+{
+
+    static char buf[2048];
+    // SecondMW depends on FirstMW (it uses all_ctx.get<FirstMW>)
+    // so it leads to compile error if we remove FirstMW from definition
+    // App<IntSettingMiddleware, SecondMW> app;
+    // or change the order of FirstMW and SecondMW
+    // App<IntSettingMiddleware, SecondMW, FirstMW> app;
+
+    App<IntSettingMiddleware, FirstMW, SecondMW, ThirdMW> app;
+
+    int x{};
+    CROW_ROUTE(app, "/")([&](const request& req){
+        {
+            auto& ctx = app.get_context<IntSettingMiddleware>(req);
+            x = ctx.val;
+        }
+        {
+            auto& ctx = app.get_context<FirstMW>(req);
+            ctx.v.push_back("handle");
+        }
+
+        return "";
+    });
+    CROW_ROUTE(app, "/break")([&](const request& req){
+        {
+            auto& ctx = app.get_context<FirstMW>(req);
+            ctx.v.push_back("handle");
+        }
+
+        return "";
+    });
+
+    decltype(app)::server_t server(&app, LOCALHOST_ADDRESS, 45451);
+    auto _ = async(launch::async, [&]{server.run();});
+    std::string sendmsg = "GET /\r\n\r\n";
+    asio::io_service is;
+    {
+        asio::ip::tcp::socket c(is);
+        c.connect(asio::ip::tcp::endpoint(asio::ip::address::from_string(LOCALHOST_ADDRESS), 45451));
+
+
+        c.send(asio::buffer(sendmsg));
+
+        c.receive(asio::buffer(buf, 2048));
+        c.close();
+    }
+    {
+        auto& out = test_middleware_context_vector;
+        ASSERT_EQUAL(1, x);
+        ASSERT_EQUAL(7, out.size());
+        ASSERT_EQUAL("1 before", out[0]);
+        ASSERT_EQUAL("2 before", out[1]);
+        ASSERT_EQUAL("3 before", out[2]);
+        ASSERT_EQUAL("handle", out[3]);
+        ASSERT_EQUAL("3 after", out[4]);
+        ASSERT_EQUAL("2 after", out[5]);
+        ASSERT_EQUAL("1 after", out[6]);
+    }
+    std::string sendmsg2 = "GET /break\r\n\r\n";
+    {
+        asio::ip::tcp::socket c(is);
+        c.connect(asio::ip::tcp::endpoint(asio::ip::address::from_string(LOCALHOST_ADDRESS), 45451));
+
+        c.send(asio::buffer(sendmsg2));
+
+        c.receive(asio::buffer(buf, 2048));
+        c.close();
+    }
+    {
+        auto& out = test_middleware_context_vector;
+        ASSERT_EQUAL(4, out.size());
+        ASSERT_EQUAL("1 before", out[0]);
+        ASSERT_EQUAL("2 before", out[1]);
+        ASSERT_EQUAL("2 after", out[2]);
+        ASSERT_EQUAL("1 after", out[3]);
+    }
+    server.stop();
+}
+
+TEST(Crow, middleware_cookieparser)
+{
+    static char buf[2048];
+
+    App<CookieParser> app;
+
+    std::string value1;
+    std::string value2;
+
+    CROW_ROUTE(app, "/")([&](const request& req){
+        {
+            auto& ctx = app.get_context<CookieParser>(req);
+            value1 = ctx.get_cookie("key1");
+            value2 = ctx.get_cookie("key2");
+        }
+
+        return "";
+    });
+
+    decltype(app)::server_t server(&app, LOCALHOST_ADDRESS, 45451);
+    auto _ = async(launch::async, [&]{server.run();});
+    std::string sendmsg = "GET /\r\nCookie: key1=value1; key2=\"val\\\"ue2\"\r\n\r\n";
+    asio::io_service is;
+    {
+        asio::ip::tcp::socket c(is);
+        c.connect(asio::ip::tcp::endpoint(asio::ip::address::from_string(LOCALHOST_ADDRESS), 45451));
+
+        c.send(asio::buffer(sendmsg));
+
+        c.receive(asio::buffer(buf, 2048));
+        c.close();
+    }
+    {
+        ASSERT_EQUAL("value1", value1);
+        ASSERT_EQUAL("val\"ue2", value2);
+    }
+    server.stop();
+}
+
+TEST(Crow, bug_quick_repeated_request)
+{
+    static char buf[2048];
+
+    SimpleApp app;
+
+    CROW_ROUTE(app, "/")([&]{
+        return "hello";
+    });
+
+    decltype(app)::server_t server(&app, LOCALHOST_ADDRESS, 45451);
+    auto _ = async(launch::async, [&]{server.run();});
+    std::string sendmsg = "GET / HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: localhost\r\n\r\n";
+    asio::io_service is;
+    {
+        std::vector<std::future<void>> v;
+        for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
+        {
+            v.push_back(async(launch::async,
+                [&]
+                {
+                    asio::ip::tcp::socket c(is);
+                    c.connect(asio::ip::tcp::endpoint(asio::ip::address::from_string(LOCALHOST_ADDRESS), 45451));
+
+                    for(int j = 0; j < 5; j ++)
+                    {
+                        c.send(asio::buffer(sendmsg));
+
+                        size_t received = c.receive(asio::buffer(buf, 2048));
+                        ASSERT_EQUAL("hello", std::string(buf + received - 5, buf + received));
+                    }
+                    c.close();
+                }));
+        }
+    }
+    server.stop();
+}
+
+TEST(Crow, simple_url_params)
+{
+    static char buf[2048];
+
+    SimpleApp app;
+
+    query_string last_url_params;
+
+    CROW_ROUTE(app, "/params")
+    ([&last_url_params](const crow::request& req){
+        last_url_params = std::move(req.url_params);
+        return "OK";
+    });
+
+    ///params?h=1&foo=bar&lol&count[]=1&count[]=4&pew=5.2
+
+    decltype(app)::server_t server(&app, LOCALHOST_ADDRESS, 45451);
+    auto _ = async(launch::async, [&]{server.run();});
+    asio::io_service is;
+    std::string sendmsg;
+
+    // check empty params
+    sendmsg = "GET /params\r\n\r\n";
+    {
+        asio::ip::tcp::socket c(is);
+        c.connect(asio::ip::tcp::endpoint(asio::ip::address::from_string(LOCALHOST_ADDRESS), 45451));
+        c.send(asio::buffer(sendmsg));
+        c.receive(asio::buffer(buf, 2048));
+        c.close();
+
+        stringstream ss;
+        ss << last_url_params;
+
+        ASSERT_EQUAL("[  ]", ss.str());
+    }
+    // check single presence
+    sendmsg = "GET /params?foobar\r\n\r\n";
+    {
+        asio::ip::tcp::socket c(is);
+        c.connect(asio::ip::tcp::endpoint(asio::ip::address::from_string(LOCALHOST_ADDRESS), 45451));
+        c.send(asio::buffer(sendmsg));
+        c.receive(asio::buffer(buf, 2048));
+        c.close();
+
+        ASSERT_TRUE(last_url_params.get("missing") == nullptr);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(last_url_params.get("foobar") != nullptr);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(last_url_params.get_list("missing").empty());
+    }
+    // check multiple presence
+    sendmsg = "GET /params?foo&bar&baz\r\n\r\n";
+    {
+        asio::ip::tcp::socket c(is);
+        c.connect(asio::ip::tcp::endpoint(asio::ip::address::from_string(LOCALHOST_ADDRESS), 45451));
+        c.send(asio::buffer(sendmsg));
+        c.receive(asio::buffer(buf, 2048));
+        c.close();
+
+        ASSERT_TRUE(last_url_params.get("missing") == nullptr);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(last_url_params.get("foo") != nullptr);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(last_url_params.get("bar") != nullptr);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(last_url_params.get("baz") != nullptr);
+    }
+    // check single value
+    sendmsg = "GET /params?hello=world\r\n\r\n";
+    {
+        asio::ip::tcp::socket c(is);
+        c.connect(asio::ip::tcp::endpoint(asio::ip::address::from_string(LOCALHOST_ADDRESS), 45451));
+        c.send(asio::buffer(sendmsg));
+        c.receive(asio::buffer(buf, 2048));
+        c.close();
+
+        ASSERT_EQUAL(string(last_url_params.get("hello")), "world");
+    }
+    // check multiple value
+    sendmsg = "GET /params?hello=world&left=right&up=down\r\n\r\n";
+    {
+        asio::ip::tcp::socket c(is);
+        c.connect(asio::ip::tcp::endpoint(asio::ip::address::from_string(LOCALHOST_ADDRESS), 45451));
+        c.send(asio::buffer(sendmsg));
+        c.receive(asio::buffer(buf, 2048));
+        c.close();
+
+        ASSERT_EQUAL(string(last_url_params.get("hello")), "world");
+        ASSERT_EQUAL(string(last_url_params.get("left")), "right");
+        ASSERT_EQUAL(string(last_url_params.get("up")),  "down");
+    }
+    // check multiple value, multiple types
+    sendmsg = "GET /params?int=100&double=123.45&boolean=1\r\n\r\n";
+    {
+        asio::ip::tcp::socket c(is);
+        c.connect(asio::ip::tcp::endpoint(asio::ip::address::from_string(LOCALHOST_ADDRESS), 45451));
+        c.send(asio::buffer(sendmsg));
+        c.receive(asio::buffer(buf, 2048));
+        c.close();
+
+        ASSERT_EQUAL(boost::lexical_cast<int>(last_url_params.get("int")), 100);
+        ASSERT_EQUAL(boost::lexical_cast<double>(last_url_params.get("double")), 123.45);
+        ASSERT_EQUAL(boost::lexical_cast<bool>(last_url_params.get("boolean")), true);
+    }
+    // check single array value
+    sendmsg = "GET /params?tmnt[]=leonardo\r\n\r\n";
+    {
+        asio::ip::tcp::socket c(is);
+
+        c.connect(asio::ip::tcp::endpoint(asio::ip::address::from_string(LOCALHOST_ADDRESS), 45451));
+        c.send(asio::buffer(sendmsg));
+        c.receive(asio::buffer(buf, 2048));
+        c.close();
+
+        ASSERT_TRUE(last_url_params.get("tmnt") == nullptr);
+        ASSERT_EQUAL(last_url_params.get_list("tmnt").size(), 1);
+        ASSERT_EQUAL(string(last_url_params.get_list("tmnt")[0]), "leonardo");
+    }
+    // check multiple array value
+    sendmsg = "GET /params?tmnt[]=leonardo&tmnt[]=donatello&tmnt[]=raphael\r\n\r\n";
+    {
+        asio::ip::tcp::socket c(is);
+
+        c.connect(asio::ip::tcp::endpoint(asio::ip::address::from_string(LOCALHOST_ADDRESS), 45451));
+        c.send(asio::buffer(sendmsg));
+        c.receive(asio::buffer(buf, 2048));
+        c.close();
+
+        ASSERT_EQUAL(last_url_params.get_list("tmnt").size(), 3);
+        ASSERT_EQUAL(string(last_url_params.get_list("tmnt")[0]), "leonardo");
+        ASSERT_EQUAL(string(last_url_params.get_list("tmnt")[1]), "donatello");
+        ASSERT_EQUAL(string(last_url_params.get_list("tmnt")[2]), "raphael");
+    }
+    server.stop();
+}
+
+TEST(Crow, route_dynamic)
+{
+    SimpleApp app;
+    int x = 1;
+    app.route_dynamic("/")
+    ([&]{
+        x = 2;
+        return "";
+    });
+
+    app.route_dynamic("/set4")
+    ([&](const request&){
+        x = 4;
+        return "";
+    });
+    app.route_dynamic("/set5")
+    ([&](const request&, response& res){
+        x = 5;
+        res.end();
+    });
+
+    app.route_dynamic("/set_int/<int>")
+    ([&](int y){
+        x = y;
+        return "";
+    });
+
+    try
+    {
+        app.route_dynamic("/invalid_test/<double>/<path>")
+        ([](){
+            return "";
+        });
+        fail();
+    }
+    catch(std::exception&)
+    {
+    }
+
+    // app is in an invalid state when route_dynamic throws an exception.
+    try
+    {
+        app.validate();
+        fail();
+    }
+    catch(std::exception&)
+    {
+    }
+
+    {
+        request req;
+        response res;
+        req.url = "/";
+        app.handle(req, res);
+        ASSERT_EQUAL(x, 2);
+    }
+    {
+        request req;
+        response res;
+        req.url = "/set_int/42";
+        app.handle(req, res);
+        ASSERT_EQUAL(x, 42);
+    }
+    {
+        request req;
+        response res;
+        req.url = "/set5";
+        app.handle(req, res);
+        ASSERT_EQUAL(x, 5);
+    }
+    {
+        request req;
+        response res;
+        req.url = "/set4";
+        app.handle(req, res);
+        ASSERT_EQUAL(x, 4);
+    }
+}