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<!DOCTYPE chapter PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd"
[<!ENTITY % poky SYSTEM "../poky.ent"> %poky; ] >
<!--SPDX-License-Identifier: CC-BY-2.0-UK-->
<chapter id='bsp'>
<title>Board Support Packages (BSP) - Developer's Guide</title>
<para>
A Board Support Package (BSP) is a collection of information that
defines how to support a particular hardware device, set of devices, or
hardware platform.
The BSP includes information about the hardware features
present on the device and kernel configuration information along with any
additional hardware drivers required.
The BSP also lists any additional software
components required in addition to a generic Linux software stack for both
essential and optional platform features.
</para>
<para>
This guide presents information about BSP layers, defines a structure for components
so that BSPs follow a commonly understood layout, discusses how to customize
a recipe for a BSP, addresses BSP licensing, and provides information that
shows you how to create a
<link linkend='bsp-layers'>BSP Layer</link> using the
<link linkend='creating-a-new-bsp-layer-using-the-bitbake-layers-script'><filename>bitbake-layers</filename></link>
tool.
</para>
<section id='bsp-layers'>
<title>BSP Layers</title>
<para>
A BSP consists of a file structure inside a base directory.
Collectively, you can think of the base directory, its file structure,
and the contents as a <firstterm>BSP layer</firstterm>.
Although not a strict requirement, BSP layers in the Yocto Project
use the following well-established naming convention:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
meta-<replaceable>bsp_root_name</replaceable>
</literallayout>
The string "meta-" is prepended to the machine or platform name, which is
<replaceable>bsp_root_name</replaceable> in the above form.
<note><title>Tip</title>
Because the BSP layer naming convention is well-established,
it is advisable to follow it when creating layers.
Technically speaking, a BSP layer name does not need to
start with <filename>meta-</filename>.
However, various scripts and tools in the Yocto Project
development environment assume this convention.
</note>
</para>
<para>
To help understand the BSP layer concept, consider the BSPs that the
Yocto Project supports and provides with each release.
You can see the layers in the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_OM_URL;#yocto-project-repositories'>Yocto Project Source Repositories</ulink>
through a web interface at
<ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;'></ulink>.
If you go to that interface, you will find a list of repositories
under "Yocto Metadata Layers".
<note>
Layers that are no longer actively supported as part of the
Yocto Project appear under the heading "Yocto Metadata Layer
Archive."
</note>
Each repository is a BSP layer supported by the Yocto Project
(e.g. <filename>meta-raspberrypi</filename> and
<filename>meta-intel</filename>).
Each of these layers is a repository unto itself and clicking on
the layer name displays two URLs from which you can
clone the layer's repository to your local system.
Here is an example that clones the Raspberry Pi BSP layer:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
$ git clone git://git.yoctoproject.org/meta-raspberrypi
</literallayout>
</para>
<para>
In addition to BSP layers, the
<filename>meta-yocto-bsp</filename> layer is part of the
shipped <filename>poky</filename> repository.
The <filename>meta-yocto-bsp</filename> layer maintains several
"reference" BSPs including the ARM-based Beaglebone, MIPS-based
EdgeRouter, and generic versions of
both 32-bit and 64-bit IA machines.
</para>
<para>
For information on typical BSP development workflow, see the
"<link linkend='developing-a-board-support-package-bsp'>Developing a Board Support Package (BSP)</link>"
section.
For more information on how to set up a local copy of source files
from a Git repository, see the
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#locating-yocto-project-source-files'>Locating Yocto Project Source Files</ulink>"
section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
</para>
<para>
The BSP layer's base directory
(<filename>meta-<replaceable>bsp_root_name</replaceable></filename>)
is the root directory of that Layer.
This directory is what you add to the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-BBLAYERS'><filename>BBLAYERS</filename></ulink>
variable in the <filename>conf/bblayers.conf</filename> file found in your
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-directory'>Build Directory</ulink>,
which is established after you run the OpenEmbedded build environment
setup script (i.e.
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#structure-core-script'><filename>&OE_INIT_FILE;</filename></ulink>).
Adding the root directory allows the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-system-term'>OpenEmbedded build system</ulink>
to recognize the BSP layer and from it build an image.
Here is an example:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
BBLAYERS ?= " \
/usr/local/src/yocto/meta \
/usr/local/src/yocto/meta-poky \
/usr/local/src/yocto/meta-yocto-bsp \
/usr/local/src/yocto/meta-mylayer \
"
</literallayout>
<note><title>Tip</title>
Ordering and
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-BBFILE_PRIORITY'><filename>BBFILE_PRIORITY</filename></ulink>
for the layers listed in <filename>BBLAYERS</filename>
matter.
For example, if multiple layers define a machine
configuration, the OpenEmbedded build system uses
the last layer searched given similar layer
priorities.
The build system works from the top-down through
the layers listed in <filename>BBLAYERS</filename>.
</note>
</para>
<para>
Some BSPs require or depend on additional layers
beyond the BSP's root layer in order to be functional.
In this case, you need to specify these layers in the
<filename>README</filename> "Dependencies" section of the
BSP's root layer.
Additionally, if any build instructions exist for the
BSP, you must add them to the "Dependencies" section.
</para>
<para>
Some layers function as a layer to hold other BSP layers.
These layers are knows as
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#term-container-layer'>container layers</ulink>".
An example of this type of layer is OpenEmbedded's
<ulink url='https://github.com/openembedded/meta-openembedded'><filename>meta-openembedded</filename></ulink>
layer.
The <filename>meta-openembedded</filename> layer contains
many <filename>meta-*</filename> layers.
In cases like this, you need to include the names of the actual
layers you want to work with, such as:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
BBLAYERS ?= " \
/usr/local/src/yocto/meta \
/usr/local/src/yocto/meta-poky \
/usr/local/src/yocto/meta-yocto-bsp \
/usr/local/src/yocto/meta-mylayer \
.../meta-openembedded/meta-oe \
.../meta-openembedded/meta-perl \
.../meta-openembedded/meta-networking \
"
</literallayout>
and so on.
</para>
<para>
For more information on layers, see the
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#understanding-and-creating-layers'>Understanding and Creating Layers</ulink>"
section of the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
</para>
</section>
<section id='preparing-your-build-host-to-work-with-bsp-layers'>
<title>Preparing Your Build Host to Work With BSP Layers</title>
<para>
This section describes how to get your build host ready
to work with BSP layers.
Once you have the host set up, you can create the layer
as described in the
"<link linkend='creating-a-new-bsp-layer-using-the-bitbake-layers-script'>Creating a new BSP Layer Using the <filename>bitbake-layers</filename> Script</link>"
section.
<note>
For structural information on BSPs, see the
<link linkend='bsp-filelayout'>Example Filesystem Layout</link>
section.
</note>
<orderedlist>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Set Up the Build Environment:</emphasis>
Be sure you are set up to use BitBake in a shell.
See the
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#dev-preparing-the-build-host'>Preparing the Build Host</ulink>"
section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual for information
on how to get a build host ready that is either a native
Linux machine or a machine that uses CROPS.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Clone the <filename>poky</filename> Repository:</emphasis>
You need to have a local copy of the Yocto Project
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#source-directory'>Source Directory</ulink>
(i.e. a local <filename>poky</filename> repository).
See the
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#cloning-the-poky-repository'>Cloning the <filename>poky</filename> Repository</ulink>"
and possibly the
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#checking-out-by-branch-in-poky'>Checking Out by Branch in Poky</ulink>"
or
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#checkout-out-by-tag-in-poky'>Checking Out by Tag in Poky</ulink>"
sections all in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual for
information on how to clone the <filename>poky</filename>
repository and check out the appropriate branch for your work.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Determine the BSP Layer You Want:</emphasis>
The Yocto Project supports many BSPs, which are maintained in
their own layers or in layers designed to contain several
BSPs.
To get an idea of machine support through BSP layers, you can
look at the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_RELEASE_DL_URL;/machines'>index of machines</ulink>
for the release.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Optionally Clone the
<filename>meta-intel</filename> BSP Layer:</emphasis>
If your hardware is based on current Intel CPUs and devices,
you can leverage this BSP layer.
For details on the <filename>meta-intel</filename> BSP layer,
see the layer's
<ulink url='http://git.yoctoproject.org/cgit/cgit.cgi/meta-intel/tree/README'><filename>README</filename></ulink>
file.
<orderedlist>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Navigate to Your Source Directory:</emphasis>
Typically, you set up the
<filename>meta-intel</filename> Git repository
inside the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#source-directory'>Source Directory</ulink>
(e.g. <filename>poky</filename>).
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
$ cd /home/<replaceable>you</replaceable>/poky
</literallayout>
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Clone the Layer:</emphasis>
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
$ git clone git://git.yoctoproject.org/meta-intel.git
Cloning into 'meta-intel'...
remote: Counting objects: 15585, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (5056/5056), done.
remote: Total 15585 (delta 9123), reused 15329 (delta 8867)
Receiving objects: 100% (15585/15585), 4.51 MiB | 3.19 MiB/s, done.
Resolving deltas: 100% (9123/9123), done.
Checking connectivity... done.
</literallayout>
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Check Out the Proper Branch:</emphasis>
The branch you check out for
<filename>meta-intel</filename> must match the same
branch you are using for the Yocto Project release
(e.g. &DISTRO_NAME_NO_CAP;):
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
$ cd meta-intel
$ git checkout -b &DISTRO_NAME_NO_CAP; remotes/origin/&DISTRO_NAME_NO_CAP;
Branch &DISTRO_NAME_NO_CAP; set up to track remote branch &DISTRO_NAME_NO_CAP; from origin.
Switched to a new branch '&DISTRO_NAME_NO_CAP;'
</literallayout>
<note>
To see the available branch names in a cloned repository,
use the <filename>git branch -al</filename> command.
See the
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#checking-out-by-branch-in-poky'>Checking Out By Branch in Poky</ulink>"
section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks
Manual for more information.
</note>
</para></listitem>
</orderedlist>
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Optionally Set Up an Alternative BSP Layer:</emphasis>
If your hardware can be more closely leveraged to an
existing BSP not within the <filename>meta-intel</filename>
BSP layer, you can clone that BSP layer.</para>
<para>The process is identical to the process used for the
<filename>meta-intel</filename> layer except for the layer's
name.
For example, if you determine that your hardware most
closely matches the <filename>meta-raspberrypi</filename>,
clone that layer:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
$ git clone git://git.yoctoproject.org/meta-raspberrypi
Cloning into 'meta-raspberrypi'...
remote: Counting objects: 4743, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (2185/2185), done.
remote: Total 4743 (delta 2447), reused 4496 (delta 2258)
Receiving objects: 100% (4743/4743), 1.18 MiB | 0 bytes/s, done.
Resolving deltas: 100% (2447/2447), done.
Checking connectivity... done.
</literallayout>
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Initialize the Build Environment:</emphasis>
While in the root directory of the Source Directory (i.e.
<filename>poky</filename>), run the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#structure-core-script'><filename>&OE_INIT_FILE;</filename></ulink>
environment setup script to define the OpenEmbedded
build environment on your build host.
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
$ source &OE_INIT_FILE;
</literallayout>
Among other things, the script creates the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-directory'>Build Directory</ulink>,
which is <filename>build</filename> in this case
and is located in the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#source-directory'>Source Directory</ulink>.
After the script runs, your current working directory
is set to the <filename>build</filename> directory.
</para></listitem>
</orderedlist>
</para>
</section>
<section id="bsp-filelayout">
<title>Example Filesystem Layout</title>
<para>
Defining a common BSP directory structure allows
end-users to understand and become familiar with
that standard.
A common format also encourages standardization
of software support for hardware.
</para>
<para>
The proposed form described in this section does
have elements that are specific to the OpenEmbedded
build system.
It is intended that developers can use this structure
with other build systems besides the OpenEmbedded build
system.
It is also intended that it will be be simple to extract
information and convert it to other formats if required.
The OpenEmbedded build system, through its standard
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_OM_URL;#the-yocto-project-layer-model'>layers mechanism</ulink>,
can directly accept the format described as a layer.
The BSP layer captures all the hardware-specific details
in one place using a standard format, which is useful
for any person wishing to use the hardware platform
regardless of the build system they are using.
</para>
<para>
The BSP specification does not include a build system
or other tools - the specification is concerned with
the hardware-specific components only.
At the end-distribution point, you can ship the BSP
layer combined with a build system and other tools.
Realize that it is important to maintain the distinction
that the BSP layer, a build system, and tools are
separate components that could be combined in
certain end products.
</para>
<para>
Before looking at the recommended form for the directory structure
inside a BSP layer, you should be aware that some
requirements do exist in order for a BSP layer to
be considered <firstterm>compliant</firstterm> with the Yocto Project.
For that list of requirements, see the
"<link linkend='released-bsp-requirements'>Released BSP Requirements</link>"
section.
</para>
<para>
Below is the typical directory structure for a BSP layer.
While this basic form represents the standard,
realize that the actual layout for individual
BSPs could differ.
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
meta-<replaceable>bsp_root_name</replaceable>/
meta-<replaceable>bsp_root_name</replaceable>/<replaceable>bsp_license_file</replaceable>
meta-<replaceable>bsp_root_name</replaceable>/README
meta-<replaceable>bsp_root_name</replaceable>/README.sources
meta-<replaceable>bsp_root_name</replaceable>/binary/<replaceable>bootable_images</replaceable>
meta-<replaceable>bsp_root_name</replaceable>/conf/layer.conf
meta-<replaceable>bsp_root_name</replaceable>/conf/machine/*.conf
meta-<replaceable>bsp_root_name</replaceable>/recipes-bsp/*
meta-<replaceable>bsp_root_name</replaceable>/recipes-core/*
meta-<replaceable>bsp_root_name</replaceable>/recipes-graphics/*
meta-<replaceable>bsp_root_name</replaceable>/recipes-kernel/linux/linux-yocto_<replaceable>kernel_rev</replaceable>.bbappend
</literallayout>
</para>
<para>
Below is an example of the Raspberry Pi BSP
layer that is available from the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;'>Source Respositories</ulink>:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
meta-raspberrypi/COPYING.MIT
meta-raspberrypi/README.md
meta-raspberrypi/classes
meta-raspberrypi/classes/sdcard_image-rpi.bbclass
meta-raspberrypi/conf/
meta-raspberrypi/conf/layer.conf
meta-raspberrypi/conf/machine/
meta-raspberrypi/conf/machine/raspberrypi-cm.conf
meta-raspberrypi/conf/machine/raspberrypi-cm3.conf
meta-raspberrypi/conf/machine/raspberrypi.conf
meta-raspberrypi/conf/machine/raspberrypi0-wifi.conf
meta-raspberrypi/conf/machine/raspberrypi0.conf
meta-raspberrypi/conf/machine/raspberrypi2.conf
meta-raspberrypi/conf/machine/raspberrypi3-64.conf
meta-raspberrypi/conf/machine/raspberrypi3.conf
meta-raspberrypi/conf/machine/include
meta-raspberrypi/conf/machine/include/rpi-base.inc
meta-raspberrypi/conf/machine/include/rpi-default-providers.inc
meta-raspberrypi/conf/machine/include/rpi-default-settings.inc
meta-raspberrypi/conf/machine/include/rpi-default-versions.inc
meta-raspberrypi/conf/machine/include/tune-arm1176jzf-s.inc
meta-raspberrypi/docs
meta-raspberrypi/docs/Makefile
meta-raspberrypi/docs/conf.py
meta-raspberrypi/docs/contributing.md
meta-raspberrypi/docs/extra-apps.md
meta-raspberrypi/docs/extra-build-config.md
meta-raspberrypi/docs/index.rst
meta-raspberrypi/docs/layer-contents.md
meta-raspberrypi/docs/readme.md
meta-raspberrypi/files
meta-raspberrypi/files/custom-licenses
meta-raspberrypi/files/custom-licenses/Broadcom
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-bsp
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-bsp/bootfiles
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-bsp/bootfiles/bcm2835-bootfiles.bb
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-bsp/bootfiles/rpi-config_git.bb
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-bsp/common
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-bsp/common/firmware.inc
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-bsp/formfactor
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-bsp/formfactor/formfactor
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-bsp/formfactor/formfactor/raspberrypi
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-bsp/formfactor/formfactor/raspberrypi/machconfig
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-bsp/formfactor/formfactor_0.0.bbappend
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-bsp/rpi-u-boot-src
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-bsp/rpi-u-boot-src/files
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-bsp/rpi-u-boot-src/files/boot.cmd.in
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-bsp/rpi-u-boot-src/rpi-u-boot-scr.bb
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-bsp/u-boot
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-bsp/u-boot/u-boot
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-bsp/u-boot/u-boot/*.patch
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-bsp/u-boot/u-boot_%.bbappend
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-connectivity
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-connectivity/bluez5
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-connectivity/bluez5/bluez5
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-connectivity/bluez5/bluez5/*.patch
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-connectivity/bluez5/bluez5/BCM43430A1.hcd
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-connectivity/bluez5/bluez5brcm43438.service
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-connectivity/bluez5/bluez5_%.bbappend
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-core
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-core/images
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-core/images/rpi-basic-image.bb
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-core/images/rpi-hwup-image.bb
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-core/images/rpi-test-image.bb
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-core/packagegroups
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-core/packagegroups/packagegroup-rpi-test.bb
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-core/psplash
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-core/psplash/files
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-core/psplash/files/psplash-raspberrypi-img.h
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-core/psplash/psplash_git.bbappend
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-core/udev
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-core/udev/udev-rules-rpi
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-core/udev/udev-rules-rpi/99-com.rules
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-core/udev/udev-rules-rpi.bb
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-devtools
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-devtools/bcm2835
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-devtools/bcm2835/bcm2835_1.52.bb
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-devtools/pi-blaster
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-devtools/pi-blaster/files
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-devtools/pi-blaster/files/*.patch
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-devtools/pi-blaster/pi-blaster_git.bb
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-devtools/python
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-devtools/python/python-rtimu
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-devtools/python/python-rtimu/*.patch
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-devtools/python/python-rtimu_git.bb
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-devtools/python/python-sense-hat_2.2.0.bb
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-devtools/python/rpi-gpio
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-devtools/python/rpi-gpio/*.patch
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-devtools/python/rpi-gpio_0.6.3.bb
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-devtools/python/rpio
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-devtools/python/rpio/*.patch
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-devtools/python/rpio_0.10.0.bb
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-devtools/wiringPi
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-devtools/wiringPi/files
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-devtools/wiringPi/files/*.patch
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-devtools/wiringPi/wiringpi_git.bb
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-graphics
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-graphics/eglinfo
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-graphics/eglinfo/eglinfo-fb_%.bbappend
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-graphics/eglinfo/eglinfo-x11_%.bbappend
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-graphics/mesa
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-graphics/mesa/mesa-gl_%.bbappend
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-graphics/mesa/mesa_%.bbappend
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-graphics/userland
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-graphics/userland/userland
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-graphics/userland/userland/*.patch
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-graphics/userland/userland_git.bb
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-graphics/vc-graphics
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-graphics/vc-graphics/files
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-graphics/vc-graphics/files/egl.pc
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-graphics/vc-graphics/files/vchiq.sh
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-graphics/vc-graphics/vc-graphics-hardfp.bb
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-graphics/vc-graphics/vc-graphics.bb
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-graphics/vc-graphics/vc-graphics.inc
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-graphics/wayland
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-graphics/wayland/weston_%.bbappend
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-graphics/xorg-xserver
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-graphics/xorg-xserver/xserver-xf86-config
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-graphics/xorg-xserver/xserver-xf86-config/rpi
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-graphics/xorg-xserver/xserver-xf86-config/rpi/xorg.conf
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-graphics/xorg-xserver/xserver-xf86-config/rpi/xorg.conf.d
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-graphics/xorg-xserver/xserver-xf86-config/rpi/xorg.conf.d/10-evdev.conf
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-graphics/xorg-xserver/xserver-xf86-config/rpi/xorg.conf.d/98-pitft.conf
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-graphics/xorg-xserver/xserver-xf86-config/rpi/xorg.conf.d/99-calibration.conf
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-graphics/xorg-xserver/xserver-xf86-config_0.1.bbappend
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-graphics/xorg-xserver/xserver-xorg_%.bbappend
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-kernel
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-kernel/linux-firmware
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-kernel/linux-firmware/files
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-kernel/linux-firmware/files/brcmfmac43430-sdio.bin
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-kernel/linux-firmware/files/brcfmac43430-sdio.txt
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-kernel/linux-firmware/linux-firmware_%.bbappend
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-kernel/linux
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-kernel/linux/linux-raspberrypi-dev.bb
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-kernel/linux/linux-raspberrypi.inc
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-kernel/linux/linux-raspberrypi_4.14.bb
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-kernel/linux/linux-raspberrypi_4.9.bb
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-multimedia
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-multimedia/gstreamer
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-multimedia/gstreamer/gstreamer1.0-omx
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-multimedia/gstreamer/gstreamer1.0-omx/*.patch
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-multimedia/gstreamer/gstreamer1.0-omx_%.bbappend
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-multimedia/gstreamer/gstreamer1.0-plugins-bad_%.bbappend
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-multimedia/gstreamer/gstreamer1.0-omx-1.12
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-multimedia/gstreamer/gstreamer1.0-omx-1.12/*.patch
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-multimedia/omxplayer
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-multimedia/omxplayer/omxplayer
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-multimedia/omxplayer/omxplayer/*.patch
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-multimedia/omxplayer/omxplayer_git.bb
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-multimedia/x264
meta-raspberrypi/recipes-multimedia/x264/x264_git.bbappend
meta-raspberrypi/wic
meta-raspberrypi/wic/sdimage-raspberrypi.wks
</literallayout>
</para>
<para>
The following sections describe each part of the proposed
BSP format.
</para>
<section id="bsp-filelayout-license">
<title>License Files</title>
<para>
You can find these files in the BSP Layer at:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
meta-<replaceable>bsp_root_name</replaceable>/<replaceable>bsp_license_file</replaceable>
</literallayout>
</para>
<para>
These optional files satisfy licensing requirements
for the BSP.
The type or types of files here can vary depending
on the licensing requirements.
For example, in the Raspberry Pi BSP, all licensing
requirements are handled with the
<filename>COPYING.MIT</filename> file.
</para>
<para>
Licensing files can be MIT, BSD, GPLv*, and so forth.
These files are recommended for the BSP but are
optional and totally up to the BSP developer.
For information on how to maintain license
compliance, see the
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#maintaining-open-source-license-compliance-during-your-products-lifecycle'>Maintaining Open Source License Compliance During Your Product's Lifecycle</ulink>"
section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks
Manual.
</para>
</section>
<section id="bsp-filelayout-readme">
<title>README File</title>
<para>
You can find this file in the BSP Layer at:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
meta-<replaceable>bsp_root_name</replaceable>/README
</literallayout>
</para>
<para>
This file provides information on how to boot the live
images that are optionally included in the
<filename>binary/</filename> directory.
The <filename>README</filename> file also provides
information needed for building the image.
</para>
<para>
At a minimum, the <filename>README</filename> file must
contain a list of dependencies, such as the names of
any other layers on which the BSP depends and the name of
the BSP maintainer with his or her contact information.
</para>
</section>
<section id="bsp-filelayout-readme-sources">
<title>README.sources File</title>
<para>
You can find this file in the BSP Layer at:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
meta-<replaceable>bsp_root_name</replaceable>/README.sources
</literallayout>
</para>
<para>
This file provides information on where to locate the BSP
source files used to build the images (if any) that
reside in
<filename>meta-<replaceable>bsp_root_name</replaceable>/binary</filename>.
Images in the <filename>binary</filename> would be images
released with the BSP.
The information in the <filename>README.sources</filename>
file also helps you find the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#metadata'>Metadata</ulink>
used to generate the images that ship with the BSP.
<note>
If the BSP's <filename>binary</filename> directory is
missing or the directory has no images, an existing
<filename>README.sources</filename> file is
meaningless and usually does not exist.
</note>
</para>
</section>
<section id="bsp-filelayout-binary">
<title>Pre-built User Binaries</title>
<para>
You can find these files in the BSP Layer at:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
meta-<replaceable>bsp_root_name</replaceable>/binary/<replaceable>bootable_images</replaceable>
</literallayout>
</para>
<para>
This optional area contains useful pre-built kernels
and user-space filesystem images released with the
BSP that are appropriate to the target system.
This directory typically contains graphical (e.g. Sato)
and minimal live images when the BSP tarball has been
created and made available in the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_HOME_URL;'>Yocto Project</ulink>
website.
You can use these kernels and images to get a system
running and quickly get started on development tasks.
</para>
<para>
The exact types of binaries present are highly
hardware-dependent.
The
<link linkend='bsp-filelayout-readme'><filename>README</filename></link>
file should be present in the BSP Layer and it
explains how to use the images with the target hardware.
Additionally, the
<link linkend='bsp-filelayout-readme-sources'><filename>README.sources</filename></link>
file should be present to locate the sources used to
build the images and provide information on the
Metadata.
</para>
</section>
<section id='bsp-filelayout-layer'>
<title>Layer Configuration File</title>
<para>
You can find this file in the BSP Layer at:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
meta-<replaceable>bsp_root_name</replaceable>/conf/layer.conf
</literallayout>
</para>
<para>
The <filename>conf/layer.conf</filename> file
identifies the file structure as a layer,
identifies the contents of the layer, and
contains information about how the build system should
use it.
Generally, a standard boilerplate file such as the
following works.
In the following example, you would replace
<replaceable>bsp</replaceable> with the actual
name of the BSP (i.e.
<replaceable>bsp_root_name</replaceable> from the example
template).
</para>
<para>
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
# We have a conf and classes directory, add to BBPATH
BBPATH .= ":${LAYERDIR}"
# We have a recipes directory, add to BBFILES
BBFILES += "${LAYERDIR}/recipes-*/*/*.bb \
${LAYERDIR}/recipes-*/*/*.bbappend"
BBFILE_COLLECTIONS += "<replaceable>bsp</replaceable>"
BBFILE_PATTERN_<replaceable>bsp</replaceable> = "^${LAYERDIR}/"
BBFILE_PRIORITY_<replaceable>bsp</replaceable> = "6"
LAYERDEPENDS_<replaceable>bsp</replaceable> = "intel"
</literallayout>
</para>
<para>
To illustrate the string substitutions, here are
the corresponding statements from the Raspberry
Pi <filename>conf/layer.conf</filename> file:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
# We have a conf and classes directory, append to BBPATH
BBPATH .= ":${LAYERDIR}"
# We have a recipes directory containing .bb and .bbappend files, add to BBFILES
BBFILES += "${LAYERDIR}/recipes*/*/*.bb \
${LAYERDIR}/recipes*/*/*.bbappend"
BBFILE_COLLECTIONS += "raspberrypi"
BBFILE_PATTERN_raspberrypi := "^${LAYERDIR}/"
BBFILE_PRIORITY_raspberrypi = "9"
# Additional license directories.
LICENSE_PATH += "${LAYERDIR}/files/custom-licenses"
.
.
.
</literallayout>
</para>
<para>
This file simply makes
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#bitbake-term'>BitBake</ulink>
aware of the recipes and configuration directories.
The file must exist so that the OpenEmbedded build system
can recognize the BSP.
</para>
</section>
<section id="bsp-filelayout-machine">
<title>Hardware Configuration Options</title>
<para>
You can find these files in the BSP Layer at:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
meta-<replaceable>bsp_root_name</replaceable>/conf/machine/*.conf
</literallayout>
</para>
<para>
The machine files bind together all the information
contained elsewhere in the BSP into a format that
the build system can understand.
Each BSP Layer requires at least one machine file.
If the BSP supports multiple machines, multiple
machine configuration files can exist.
These filenames correspond to the values to which
users have set the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-MACHINE'><filename>MACHINE</filename></ulink> variable.
</para>
<para>
These files define things such as the kernel package
to use
(<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PREFERRED_PROVIDER'><filename>PREFERRED_PROVIDER</filename></ulink>
of
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#metadata-virtual-providers'>virtual/kernel</ulink>),
the hardware drivers to include in different types
of images, any special software components that are
needed, any bootloader information, and also any
special image format requirements.
</para>
<para>
This configuration file could also include a hardware
"tuning" file that is commonly used to define the
package architecture and specify optimization flags,
which are carefully chosen to give best performance
on a given processor.
</para>
<para>
Tuning files are found in the
<filename>meta/conf/machine/include</filename>
directory within the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#source-directory'>Source Directory</ulink>.
For example, many <filename>tune-*</filename> files
(e.g. <filename>tune-arm1136jf-s.inc</filename>,
<filename>tune-1586-nlp.inc</filename>, and so forth)
reside in the
<filename>poky/meta/conf/machine/include</filename>
directory.
</para>
<para>
To use an include file, you simply include them in the
machine configuration file.
For example, the Raspberry Pi BSP
<filename>raspberrypi3.conf</filename> contains the
following statement:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
include conf/machine/include/rpi-base.inc
</literallayout>
</para>
</section>
<section id='bsp-filelayout-misc-recipes'>
<title>Miscellaneous BSP-Specific Recipe Files</title>
<para>
You can find these files in the BSP Layer at:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
meta-<replaceable>bsp_root_name</replaceable>/recipes-bsp/*
</literallayout>
</para>
<para>
This optional directory contains miscellaneous recipe
files for the BSP.
Most notably would be the formfactor files.
For example, in the Raspberry Pi BSP, there is the
<filename>formfactor_0.0.bbappend</filename> file,
which is an append file used to augment the recipe
that starts the build.
Furthermore, there are machine-specific settings used
during the build that are defined by the
<filename>machconfig</filename> file further down in
the directory.
Here is the <filename>machconfig</filename> file for
the Raspberry Pi BSP:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
HAVE_TOUCHSCREEN=0
HAVE_KEYBOARD=1
DISPLAY_CAN_ROTATE=0
DISPLAY_ORIENTATION=0
DISPLAY_DPI=133
</literallayout>
</para>
<note><para>
If a BSP does not have a formfactor entry, defaults
are established according to the formfactor
configuration file that is installed by the main
formfactor recipe
<filename>meta/recipes-bsp/formfactor/formfactor_0.0.bb</filename>,
which is found in the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#source-directory'>Source Directory</ulink>.
</para></note>
</section>
<section id='bsp-filelayout-recipes-graphics'>
<title>Display Support Files</title>
<para>
You can find these files in the BSP Layer at:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
meta-<replaceable>bsp_root_name</replaceable>/recipes-graphics/*
</literallayout>
</para>
<para>
This optional directory contains recipes for the
BSP if it has special requirements for graphics
support.
All files that are needed for the BSP to support
a display are kept here.
</para>
</section>
<section id='bsp-filelayout-kernel'>
<title>Linux Kernel Configuration</title>
<para>
You can find these files in the BSP Layer at:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
meta-<replaceable>bsp_root_name</replaceable>/recipes-kernel/linux/linux*.bbappend
meta-<replaceable>bsp_root_name</replaceable>/recipes-kernel/linux/*.bb
</literallayout>
</para>
<para>
Append files (<filename>*.bbappend</filename>) modify
the main kernel recipe being used to build the image.
The <filename>*.bb</filename> files would be a
developer-supplied kernel recipe.
This area of the BSP hierarchy can contain both these
types of files although, in practice, it is likely that
you would have one or the other.
</para>
<para>
For your BSP, you typically want to use an existing Yocto
Project kernel recipe found in the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#source-directory'>Source Directory</ulink>
at <filename>meta/recipes-kernel/linux</filename>.
You can append machine-specific changes to the
kernel recipe by using a similarly named append
file, which is located in the BSP Layer for your
target device (e.g. the
<filename>meta-<replaceable>bsp_root_name</replaceable>/recipes-kernel/linux</filename> directory).
</para>
<para>
Suppose you are using the
<filename>linux-yocto_4.4.bb</filename> recipe to
build the kernel.
In other words, you have selected the kernel in your
<replaceable>bsp_root_name</replaceable><filename>.conf</filename>
file by adding
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PREFERRED_PROVIDER'><filename>PREFERRED_PROVIDER</filename></ulink>
and
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PREFERRED_VERSION'><filename>PREFERRED_VERSION</filename></ulink>
statements as follows:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
PREFERRED_PROVIDER_virtual/kernel ?= "linux-yocto"
PREFERRED_VERSION_linux-yocto ?= "4.4%"
</literallayout>
<note>
When the preferred provider is assumed by
default, the
<filename>PREFERRED_PROVIDER</filename>
statement does not appear in the
<replaceable>bsp_root_name</replaceable><filename>.conf</filename> file.
</note>
You would use the
<filename>linux-yocto_4.4.bbappend</filename>
file to append specific BSP settings to the kernel,
thus configuring the kernel for your particular BSP.
</para>
<para>
You can find more information on what your append file
should contain in the
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_KERNEL_DEV_URL;#creating-the-append-file'>Creating the Append File</ulink>"
section in the Yocto Project Linux Kernel Development
Manual.
</para>
<para>
An alternate scenario is when you create your own
kernel recipe for the BSP.
A good example of this is the Raspberry Pi BSP.
If you examine the
<filename>recipes-kernel/linux</filename> directory
you see the following:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
linux-raspberrypi-dev.bb
linux-raspberrypi.inc
linux-raspberrypi_4.14.bb
linux-raspberrypi_4.9.bb
</literallayout>
The directory contains three kernel recipes and a
common include file.
</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id='developing-a-board-support-package-bsp'>
<title>Developing a Board Support Package (BSP)</title>
<para>
This section describes the high-level procedure you can
follow to create a BSP.
Although not required for BSP creation, the
<filename>meta-intel</filename> repository, which
contains many BSPs supported by the Yocto Project,
is part of the example.
</para>
<para>
For an example that shows how to create a new
layer using the tools, see the
"<link linkend='creating-a-new-bsp-layer-using-the-bitbake-layers-script'>Creating a New BSP Layer Using the <filename>bitbake-layers</filename> Script</link>"
section.
</para>
<para>
The following illustration and list summarize the BSP
creation general workflow.
</para>
<para>
<imagedata fileref="figures/bsp-dev-flow.png" width="7in" depth="5in" align="center" scalefit="1" />
</para>
<para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Set up Your Host Development System
to Support Development Using the Yocto
Project</emphasis>:
See the
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#dev-preparing-the-build-host'>Preparing the Build Host</ulink>"
section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks
Manual for options on how to get a system ready
to use the Yocto Project.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Establish the
<filename>meta-intel</filename>
Repository on Your System:</emphasis>
Having local copies of these supported BSP layers
on your system gives you access to layers you
might be able to leverage when creating your BSP.
For information on how to get these files, see the
"<link linkend='preparing-your-build-host-to-work-with-bsp-layers'>Preparing Your Build Host to Work with BSP Layers</link>"
section.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Create Your Own BSP Layer Using the
<filename>bitbake-layers</filename>
Script:</emphasis>
Layers are ideal for isolating and storing work
for a given piece of hardware.
A layer is really just a location or area in which you
place the recipes and configurations for your BSP.
In fact, a BSP is, in itself, a special type of layer.
The simplest way to create a new BSP layer that is
compliant with the Yocto Project is to use the
<filename>bitbake-layers</filename> script.
For information about that script, see the
"<link linkend='creating-a-new-bsp-layer-using-the-bitbake-layers-script'>Creating a New BSP Layer Using the <filename>bitbake-layers</filename> Script</link>"
section.</para>
<para>Another example that illustrates a layer
is an application.
Suppose you are creating an application that has
library or other dependencies in order for it to
compile and run.
The layer, in this case, would be where all the
recipes that define those dependencies are kept.
The key point for a layer is that it is an
isolated area that contains all the relevant
information for the project that the
OpenEmbedded build system knows about.
For more information on layers, see the
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_OM_URL;#the-yocto-project-layer-model'>The Yocto Project Layer Model</ulink>"
section in the Yocto Project Overview and Concepts
Manual.
You can also reference the
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#understanding-and-creating-layers'>Understanding and Creating Layers</ulink>"
section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks
Manual.
For more information on BSP layers, see the
"<link linkend='bsp-layers'>BSP Layers</link>"
section.
<note><title>Notes</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
Five hardware reference BSPs exist
that are part of the Yocto Project release
and are located in the
<filename>poky/meta-yocto-bsp</filename> BSP
layer:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
Texas Instruments Beaglebone
(<filename>beaglebone-yocto</filename>)
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
Ubiquiti Networks EdgeRouter Lite
(<filename>edgerouter</filename>)
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
Two general IA platforms
(<filename>genericx86</filename> and
<filename>genericx86-64</filename>)
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
Three core Intel BSPs exist as part of
the Yocto Project release in the
<filename>meta-intel</filename> layer:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
<filename>intel-core2-32</filename>,
which is a BSP optimized for the Core2
family of CPUs as well as all CPUs
prior to the Silvermont core.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<filename>intel-corei7-64</filename>,
which is a BSP optimized for Nehalem
and later Core and Xeon CPUs as well
as Silvermont and later Atom CPUs,
such as the Baytrail SoCs.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<filename>intel-quark</filename>,
which is a BSP optimized for the
Intel Galileo gen1 &amp; gen2
development boards.
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</note></para>
<para>When you set up a layer for a new BSP,
you should follow a standard layout.
This layout is described in the
"<link linkend='bsp-filelayout'>Example Filesystem Layout</link>"
section.
In the standard layout, notice the suggested
structure for recipes and configuration
information.
You can see the standard layout for a BSP
by examining any supported BSP found in the
<filename>meta-intel</filename> layer inside
the Source Directory.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Make Configuration Changes to Your New
BSP Layer:</emphasis>
The standard BSP layer structure organizes the
files you need to edit in
<filename>conf</filename> and several
<filename>recipes-*</filename> directories
within the BSP layer.
Configuration changes identify where your new
layer is on the local system and identifies the
kernel you are going to use.
When you run the
<filename>bitbake-layers</filename> script,
you are able to interactively configure many
things for the BSP (e.g. keyboard, touchscreen,
and so forth).
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Make Recipe Changes to Your New BSP
Layer:</emphasis>
Recipe changes include altering recipes
(<filename>*.bb</filename> files), removing
recipes you do not use, and adding new recipes
or append files (<filename>.bbappend</filename>)
that support your hardware.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Prepare for the Build:</emphasis>
Once you have made all the changes to your BSP
layer, there remains a few things you need to
do for the OpenEmbedded build system in order
for it to create your image.
You need to get the build environment ready by
sourcing an environment setup script
(i.e. <filename>oe-init-build-env</filename>)
and you need to be sure two key configuration
files are configured appropriately: the
<filename>conf/local.conf</filename> and the
<filename>conf/bblayers.conf</filename> file.
You must make the OpenEmbedded build system aware
of your new layer.
See the
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#enabling-your-layer'>Enabling Your Layer</ulink>"
section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual
for information on how to let the build system
know about your new layer.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Build the Image:</emphasis>
The OpenEmbedded build system uses the BitBake tool
to build images based on the type of image you want to
create.
You can find more information about BitBake in the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BB_URL;'>BitBake User Manual</ulink>.
</para>
<para>The build process supports several types of
images to satisfy different needs.
See the
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-images'>Images</ulink>"
chapter in the Yocto Project Reference Manual for
information on supported images.
</para></listitem>
</orderedlist>
</para>
</section>
<section id='requirements-and-recommendations-for-released-bsps'>
<title>Requirements and Recommendations for Released BSPs</title>
<para>
Certain requirements exist for a released BSP to be
considered compliant with the Yocto Project.
Additionally, recommendations also exist.
This section describes the requirements and
recommendations for released BSPs.
</para>
<section id='released-bsp-requirements'>
<title>Released BSP Requirements</title>
<para>
Before looking at BSP requirements, you should consider
the following:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
The requirements here assume the BSP layer
is a well-formed, "legal" layer that can be
added to the Yocto Project.
For guidelines on creating a layer that meets
these base requirements, see the
"<link linkend='bsp-layers'>BSP Layers</link>"
section in this manual and the
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#understanding-and-creating-layers'>Understanding and Creating Layers"</ulink>"
section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks
Manual.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
The requirements in this section apply
regardless of how you package a BSP.
You should consult the packaging and distribution
guidelines for your specific release process.
For an example of packaging and distribution
requirements, see the
"<ulink url='https://wiki.yoctoproject.org/wiki/Third_Party_BSP_Release_Process'>Third Party BSP Release Process</ulink>"
wiki page.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
The requirements for the BSP as it is made
available to a developer are completely
independent of the released form of the BSP.
For example, the BSP Metadata can be contained
within a Git repository and could have a directory
structure completely different from what appears
in the officially released BSP layer.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
It is not required that specific packages or
package modifications exist in the BSP layer,
beyond the requirements for general
compliance with the Yocto Project.
For example, no requirement exists dictating
that a specific kernel or kernel version be
used in a given BSP.
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
<para>
Following are the requirements for a released BSP
that conform to the Yocto Project:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Layer Name:</emphasis>
The BSP must have a layer name that follows
the Yocto Project standards.
For information on BSP layer names, see the
"<link linkend='bsp-layers'>BSP Layers</link>" section.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>File System Layout:</emphasis>
When possible, use the same directory names
in your BSP layer as listed in the
<filename>recipes.txt</filename> file, which
is found in <filename>poky/meta</filename>
directory of the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#source-directory'>Source Directory</ulink>
or in the OpenEmbedded-Core Layer
(<filename>openembedded-core</filename>) at
<ulink url='http://git.openembedded.org/openembedded-core/tree/meta'></ulink>.
</para>
<para>You should place recipes
(<filename>*.bb</filename> files) and recipe
modifications (<filename>*.bbappend</filename>
files) into <filename>recipes-*</filename>
subdirectories by functional area as outlined
in <filename>recipes.txt</filename>.
If you cannot find a category in
<filename>recipes.txt</filename> to fit a
particular recipe, you can make up your own
<filename>recipes-*</filename> subdirectory.
</para>
<para>Within any particular
<filename>recipes-*</filename> category, the
layout should match what is found in the
OpenEmbedded-Core Git repository
(<filename>openembedded-core</filename>)
or the Source Directory (<filename>poky</filename>).
In other words, make sure you place related
files in appropriately-related
<filename>recipes-*</filename> subdirectories
specific to the recipe's function, or within
a subdirectory containing a set of closely-related
recipes.
The recipes themselves should follow the general
guidelines for recipes used in the Yocto Project
found in the
"<ulink url='http://openembedded.org/wiki/Styleguide'>OpenEmbedded Style Guide</ulink>".
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>License File:</emphasis>
You must include a license file in the
<filename>meta-</filename><replaceable>bsp_root_name</replaceable>
directory.
This license covers the BSP Metadata as a whole.
You must specify which license to use since no
default license exists when one is not specified.
See the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;/cgit.cgi/meta-raspberrypi/tree/COPYING.MIT'><filename>COPYING.MIT</filename></ulink>
file for the Raspberry Pi BSP in the
<filename>meta-raspberrypi</filename> BSP layer
as an example.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>README File:</emphasis>
You must include a <filename>README</filename>
file in the
<filename>meta-</filename><replaceable>bsp_root_name</replaceable>
directory.
See the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;/cgit.cgi/meta-raspberrypi/tree/README.md'><filename>README.md</filename></ulink>
file for the Raspberry Pi BSP in the
<filename>meta-raspberrypi</filename> BSP layer
as an example.</para>
<para>At a minimum, the <filename>README</filename>
file should contain the following:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
A brief description of the target hardware.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
A list of all the dependencies of the BSP.
These dependencies are typically a list
of required layers needed to build the
BSP.
However, the dependencies should also
contain information regarding any other
dependencies the BSP might have.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
Any required special licensing information.
For example, this information includes
information on special variables needed
to satisfy a EULA, or instructions on
information needed to build or distribute
binaries built from the BSP Metadata.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
The name and contact information for the
BSP layer maintainer.
This is the person to whom patches and
questions should be sent.
For information on how to find the right
person, see the
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#how-to-submit-a-change'>Submitting a Change to the Yocto Project</ulink>"
section in the Yocto Project Development
Tasks Manual.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
Instructions on how to build the BSP using
the BSP layer.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
Instructions on how to boot the BSP build
from the BSP layer.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
Instructions on how to boot the binary
images contained in the
<filename>binary</filename> directory,
if present.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
Information on any known bugs or issues
that users should know about when either
building or booting the BSP binaries.
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>README.sources File:</emphasis>
If you BSP contains binary images in the
<filename>binary</filename> directory, you must
include a <filename>README.sources</filename>
file in the
<filename>meta-</filename><replaceable>bsp_root_name</replaceable>
directory.
This file specifies exactly where you can find
the sources used to generate the binary images.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Layer Configuration File:</emphasis>
You must include a
<filename>conf/layer.conf</filename> file in
the
<filename>meta-</filename><replaceable>bsp_root_name</replaceable>
directory.
This file identifies the
<filename>meta-</filename><replaceable>bsp_root_name</replaceable>
BSP layer as a layer to the build system.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Machine Configuration File:</emphasis>
You must include one or more
<filename>conf/machine/</filename><replaceable>bsp_root_name</replaceable><filename>.conf</filename>
files in the
<filename>meta-</filename><replaceable>bsp_root_name</replaceable>
directory.
These configuration files define machine targets
that can be built using the BSP layer.
Multiple machine configuration files define
variations of machine configurations that the
BSP supports.
If a BSP supports multiple machine variations,
you need to adequately describe each variation
in the BSP <filename>README</filename> file.
Do not use multiple machine configuration files
to describe disparate hardware.
If you do have very different targets, you should
create separate BSP layers for each target.
<note>
It is completely possible for a developer to
structure the working repository as a
conglomeration of unrelated BSP files, and to
possibly generate BSPs targeted for release
from that directory using scripts or some
other mechanism
(e.g. <filename>meta-yocto-bsp</filename> layer).
Such considerations are outside the scope of
this document.
</note>
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</section>
<section id='released-bsp-recommendations'>
<title>Released BSP Recommendations</title>
<para>
Following are recommendations for released BSPs that
conform to the Yocto Project:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Bootable Images:</emphasis>
Released BSPs can contain one or more bootable
images.
Including bootable images allows users to easily
try out the BSP using their own hardware.</para>
<para>In some cases, it might not be convenient
to include a bootable image.
If so, you might want to make two versions of the
BSP available: one that contains binary images, and
one that does not.
The version that does not contain bootable images
avoids unnecessary download times for users not
interested in the images.</para>
<para>If you need to distribute a BSP and include
bootable images or build kernel and filesystems
meant to allow users to boot the BSP for evaluation
purposes, you should put the images and artifacts
within a
<filename>binary/</filename> subdirectory located
in the
<filename>meta-</filename><replaceable>bsp_root_name</replaceable>
directory.
<note>
If you do include a bootable image as part
of the BSP and the image was built by software
covered by the GPL or other open source licenses,
it is your responsibility to understand
and meet all licensing requirements, which could
include distribution of source files.
</note>
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Use a Yocto Linux Kernel:</emphasis>
Kernel recipes in the BSP should be based on a
Yocto Linux kernel.
Basing your recipes on these kernels reduces
the costs for maintaining the BSP and increases
its scalability.
See the <filename>Yocto Linux Kernel</filename>
category in the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;'>Source Repositories</ulink>
for these kernels.
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id='customizing-a-recipe-for-a-bsp'>
<title>Customizing a Recipe for a BSP</title>
<para>
If you plan on customizing a recipe for a particular BSP,
you need to do the following:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
Create a <filename>*.bbappend</filename> file for
the modified recipe.
For information on using append files, see the
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#using-bbappend-files'>Using .bbappend Files in Your Layer</ulink>"
section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks
Manual.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
Ensure your directory structure in the BSP layer
that supports your machine is such that the
OpenEmbedded build system can find it.
See the example later in this section for more
information.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
Put the append file in a directory whose name matches
the machine's name and is located in an appropriate
sub-directory inside the BSP layer (i.e.
<filename>recipes-bsp</filename>,
<filename>recipes-graphics</filename>,
<filename>recipes-core</filename>, and so forth).
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
Place the BSP-specific files in the proper
directory inside the BSP layer.
How expansive the layer is affects where you must
place these files.
For example, if your layer supports several
different machine types, you need to be sure your
layer's directory structure includes hierarchy
that separates the files according to machine.
If your layer does not support multiple machines,
the layer would not have that additional hierarchy
and the files would obviously not be able to reside
in a machine-specific directory.
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
<para>
Following is a specific example to help you better understand
the process.
This example customizes customizes a recipe by adding a
BSP-specific configuration file named
<filename>interfaces</filename> to the
<filename>init-ifupdown_1.0.bb</filename> recipe for machine
"xyz" where the BSP layer also supports several other
machines:
<orderedlist>
<listitem><para>
Edit the
<filename>init-ifupdown_1.0.bbappend</filename> file
so that it contains the following:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
FILESEXTRAPATHS_prepend := "${THISDIR}/files:"
</literallayout>
The append file needs to be in the
<filename>meta-xyz/recipes-core/init-ifupdown</filename>
directory.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
Create and place the new
<filename>interfaces</filename> configuration file in
the BSP's layer here:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
meta-xyz/recipes-core/init-ifupdown/files/xyz-machine-one/interfaces
</literallayout>
<note>
If the <filename>meta-xyz</filename> layer did
not support multiple machines, you would place
the <filename>interfaces</filename> configuration
file in the layer here:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
meta-xyz/recipes-core/init-ifupdown/files/interfaces
</literallayout>
</note>
The
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-FILESEXTRAPATHS'><filename>FILESEXTRAPATHS</filename></ulink>
variable in the append files extends the search path
the build system uses to find files during the build.
Consequently, for this example you need to have the
<filename>files</filename> directory in the same
location as your append file.
</para></listitem>
</orderedlist>
</para>
</section>
<section id='bsp-licensing-considerations'>
<title>BSP Licensing Considerations</title>
<para>
In some cases, a BSP contains separately-licensed
Intellectual Property (IP) for a component or components.
For these cases, you are required to accept the terms
of a commercial or other type of license that requires
some kind of explicit End User License Agreement (EULA).
Once you accept the license, the OpenEmbedded build system
can then build and include the corresponding component
in the final BSP image.
If the BSP is available as a pre-built image, you can
download the image after agreeing to the license or EULA.
</para>
<para>
You could find that some separately-licensed components
that are essential for normal operation of the system might
not have an unencumbered (or free) substitute.
Without these essential components, the system would be
non-functional.
Then again, you might find that other licensed components
that are simply 'good-to-have' or purely elective do have
an unencumbered, free replacement component that you can
use rather than agreeing to the separately-licensed
component.
Even for components essential to the system, you might
find an unencumbered component that is not identical but
will work as a less-capable version of the licensed version
in the BSP recipe.
</para>
<para>
For cases where you can substitute a free component and
still maintain the system's functionality, the "DOWNLOADS"
selection from the "SOFTWARE" tab on the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_HOME_URL;'>Yocto Project website</ulink>
makes available de-featured BSPs that are completely free
of any IP encumbrances.
For these cases, you can use the substitution directly and
without any further licensing requirements.
If present, these fully de-featured BSPs are named
appropriately different as compared to the names of their
respective encumbered BSPs.
If available, these substitutions are your simplest and
most preferred options.
Obviously, use of these substitutions assumes the resulting
functionality meets system requirements.
<note>
If however, a non-encumbered version is unavailable or
it provides unsuitable functionality or quality, you can
use an encumbered version.
</note>
</para>
<para>
A couple different methods exist within the OpenEmbedded
build system to satisfy the licensing requirements for an
encumbered BSP.
The following list describes them in order of preference:
<orderedlist>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Use the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-LICENSE_FLAGS'><filename>LICENSE_FLAGS</filename></ulink>
Variable to Define the Recipes that Have Commercial
or Other Types of Specially-Licensed Packages:</emphasis>
For each of those recipes, you can specify a
matching license string in a
<filename>local.conf</filename> variable named
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-LICENSE_FLAGS_WHITELIST'><filename>LICENSE_FLAGS_WHITELIST</filename></ulink>.
Specifying the matching license string signifies
that you agree to the license.
Thus, the build system can build the corresponding
recipe and include the component in the image.
See the
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#enabling-commercially-licensed-recipes'>Enabling Commercially Licensed Recipes</ulink>"
section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks
Manual for details on how to use these variables.
</para>
<para>If you build as you normally would, without
specifying any recipes in the
<filename>LICENSE_FLAGS_WHITELIST</filename>, the
build stops and provides you with the list of recipes
that you have tried to include in the image that
need entries in the
<filename>LICENSE_FLAGS_WHITELIST</filename>.
Once you enter the appropriate license flags into
the whitelist, restart the build to continue where
it left off.
During the build, the prompt will not appear again
since you have satisfied the requirement.</para>
<para>Once the appropriate license flags are on the
white list in the
<filename>LICENSE_FLAGS_WHITELIST</filename> variable,
you can build the encumbered image with no change
at all to the normal build process.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Get a Pre-Built Version of the BSP:</emphasis>
You can get this type of BSP by selecting the
"DOWNLOADS" item from the "SOFTWARE" tab on the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_HOME_URL;'>Yocto Project website</ulink>.
You can download BSP tarballs that contain
proprietary components after agreeing to the
licensing requirements of each of the individually
encumbered packages as part of the download process.
Obtaining the BSP this way allows you to access an
encumbered image immediately after agreeing to the
click-through license agreements presented by the
website.
If you want to build the image yourself using
the recipes contained within the BSP tarball,
you will still need to create an appropriate
<filename>LICENSE_FLAGS_WHITELIST</filename>
to match the encumbered recipes in the BSP.
</para></listitem>
</orderedlist>
<note>
Pre-compiled images are bundled with a time-limited
kernel that runs for a predetermined amount of time
(10 days) before it forces the system to reboot.
This limitation is meant to discourage direct
redistribution of the image.
You must eventually rebuild the image if you want
to remove this restriction.
</note>
</para>
</section>
<section id='creating-a-new-bsp-layer-using-the-bitbake-layers-script'>
<title>Creating a new BSP Layer Using the <filename>bitbake-layers</filename> Script</title>
<para>
The <filename>bitbake-layers create-layer</filename> script
automates creating a BSP layer.
What makes a layer a "BSP layer" is the presence of at least one machine
configuration file.
Additionally, a BSP layer usually has a kernel recipe
or an append file that leverages off an existing kernel recipe.
The primary requirement, however, is the machine configuration.
</para>
<para>
Use these steps to create a BSP layer:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Create a General Layer:</emphasis>
Use the <filename>bitbake-layers</filename> script with the
<filename>create-layer</filename> subcommand to create a
new general layer.
For instructions on how to create a general layer using the
<filename>bitbake-layers</filename> script, see the
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#creating-a-general-layer-using-the-bitbake-layers-script'>Creating a General Layer Using the <filename>bitbake-layers</filename> Script</ulink>"
section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Create a Layer Configuration File:</emphasis>
Every layer needs a layer configuration file.
This configuration file establishes locations for the
layer's recipes, priorities for the layer, and so forth.
You can find examples of <filename>layer.conf</filename>
files in the Yocto Project
<ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;'>Source Repositories</ulink>.
To get examples of what you need in your configuration
file, locate a layer (e.g. "meta-ti") and examine the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;/cgit/cgit.cgi/meta-ti/tree/conf/layer.conf'></ulink>
file.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Create a Machine Configuration File:</emphasis>
Create a <filename>conf/machine/</filename><replaceable>bsp_root_name</replaceable><filename>.conf</filename>
file.
See
<ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;/cgit/cgit.cgi/poky/tree/meta-yocto-bsp/conf/machine'><filename>meta-yocto-bsp/conf/machine</filename></ulink>
for sample
<replaceable>bsp_root_name</replaceable><filename>.conf</filename>
files.
Other samples such as
<ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;/cgit/cgit.cgi/meta-ti/tree/conf/machine'><filename>meta-ti</filename></ulink>
and
<ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;/cgit/cgit.cgi/meta-freescale/tree/conf/machine'><filename>meta-freescale</filename></ulink>
exist from other vendors that have more specific machine
and tuning examples.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Create a Kernel Recipe:</emphasis>
Create a kernel recipe in <filename>recipes-kernel/linux</filename>
by either using a kernel append file or a new custom kernel
recipe file (e.g. <filename>yocto-linux_4.12.bb</filename>).
The BSP layers mentioned in the previous step also contain different
kernel examples.
See the
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_KERNEL_DEV_URL;#modifying-an-existing-recipe'>Modifying an Existing Recipe</ulink>"
section in the Yocto Project Linux Kernel Development Manual
for information on how to create a custom kernel.
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
<para>
The remainder of this section provides a description of
the Yocto Project reference BSP for Beaglebone, which
resides in the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;/cgit/cgit.cgi/poky/tree/meta-yocto-bsp'><filename>meta-yocto-bsp</filename></ulink>
layer.
</para>
<section id='bsp-layer-configuration-example'>
<title>BSP Layer Configuration Example</title>
<para>
The layer's <filename>conf</filename> directory
contains the <filename>layer.conf</filename>
configuration file.
In this example, the
<filename>conf/layer.conf</filename> is the
following:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
# We have a conf and classes directory, add to BBPATH
BBPATH .= ":${LAYERDIR}"
# We have recipes-* directories, add to BBFILES
BBFILES += "${LAYERDIR}/recipes-*/*/*.bb \
${LAYERDIR}/recipes-*/*/*.bbappend"
BBFILE_COLLECTIONS += "yoctobsp"
BBFILE_PATTERN_yoctobsp = "^${LAYERDIR}/"
BBFILE_PRIORITY_yoctobsp = "5"
LAYERVERSION_yoctobsp = "4"
LAYERSERIES_COMPAT_yoctobsp = "&DISTRO_NAME_NO_CAP;"
</literallayout>
The variables used in this file configure the
layer.
A good way to learn about layer configuration
files is to examine various files for BSP from
the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;'>Source Repositories</ulink>.
</para>
<para>
For a detailed description of this particular
layer configuration file, see
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#dev-layer-config-file-description'>step 3</ulink>
in the discussion that describes how to create
layers in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
</para>
</section>
<section id='bsp-machine-configuration-example'>
<title>BSP Machine Configuration Example</title>
<para>
As mentioned earlier in this section, the existence
of a machine configuration file is what makes a
layer a BSP layer as compared to a general or
kernel layer.
</para>
<para>
One or more machine configuration files exist in the
<replaceable>bsp_layer</replaceable><filename>/conf/machine/</filename>
directory of the layer:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
<replaceable>bsp_layer</replaceable><filename>/conf/machine/</filename><replaceable>machine1</replaceable><filename>.conf</filename>
<replaceable>bsp_layer</replaceable><filename>/conf/machine/</filename><replaceable>machine2</replaceable><filename>.conf</filename>
<replaceable>bsp_layer</replaceable><filename>/conf/machine/</filename><replaceable>machine3</replaceable><filename>.conf</filename>
... more ...
</literallayout>
For example, the machine configuration file for the
<ulink url='http://beagleboard.org/bone'>BeagleBone and BeagleBone Black development boards</ulink>
is located in the layer
<filename>poky/meta-yocto-bsp/conf/machine</filename>
and is named <filename>beaglebone-yocto.conf</filename>:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
#@TYPE: Machine
#@NAME: Beaglebone-yocto machine
#@DESCRIPTION: Reference machine configuration for http://beagleboard.org/bone and http://beagleboard.org/black boards
PREFERRED_PROVIDER_virtual/xserver ?= "xserver-xorg"
XSERVER ?= "xserver-xorg \
xf86-video-modesetting \
"
MACHINE_EXTRA_RRECOMMENDS = "kernel-modules kernel-devicetree"
EXTRA_IMAGEDEPENDS += "u-boot"
DEFAULTTUNE ?= "cortexa8hf-neon"
include conf/machine/include/tune-cortexa8.inc
IMAGE_FSTYPES += "tar.bz2 jffs2 wic wic.bmap"
EXTRA_IMAGECMD_jffs2 = "-lnp "
WKS_FILE ?= "beaglebone-yocto.wks"
IMAGE_INSTALL_append = " kernel-devicetree kernel-image-zimage"
do_image_wic[depends] += "mtools-native:do_populate_sysroot dosfstools-native:do_populate_sysroot"
SERIAL_CONSOLES ?= "115200;ttyS0 115200;ttyO0"
SERIAL_CONSOLES_CHECK = "${SERIAL_CONSOLES}"
PREFERRED_PROVIDER_virtual/kernel ?= "linux-yocto"
PREFERRED_VERSION_linux-yocto ?= "5.0%"
KERNEL_IMAGETYPE = "zImage"
KERNEL_DEVICETREE = "am335x-bone.dtb am335x-boneblack.dtb am335x-bonegreen.dtb"
KERNEL_EXTRA_ARGS += "LOADADDR=${UBOOT_ENTRYPOINT}"
SPL_BINARY = "MLO"
UBOOT_SUFFIX = "img"
UBOOT_MACHINE = "am335x_evm_defconfig"
UBOOT_ENTRYPOINT = "0x80008000"
UBOOT_LOADADDRESS = "0x80008000"
MACHINE_FEATURES = "usbgadget usbhost vfat alsa"
IMAGE_BOOT_FILES ?= "u-boot.${UBOOT_SUFFIX} MLO zImage am335x-bone.dtb am335x-boneblack.dtb am335x-bonegreen.dtb"
</literallayout>
The variables used to configure the machine define
machine-specific properties;
for example, machine-dependent packages, machine
tunings, the type of kernel to build, and
U-Boot configurations.
</para>
<para>
The following list provides some explanation
for the statements found in the example reference
machine configuration file for the BeagleBone
development boards.
Realize that much more can be defined as part of
a machine's configuration file.
In general, you can learn about related variables
that this example does not have by locating the
variables in the
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-variables-glos'>Yocto Project Variables Glossary</ulink>"
in the Yocto Project Reference Manual.
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PREFERRED_PROVIDER'><filename>PREFERRED_PROVIDER_virtual/xserver</filename></ulink>:
The recipe that provides "virtual/xserver" when
more than one provider is found.
In this case, the recipe that provides
"virtual/xserver" is "xserver-xorg", which
exists in
<filename>poky/meta/recipes-graphics/xorg-xserver</filename>.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-XSERVER'><filename>XSERVER</filename></ulink>:
The packages that should be installed to provide
an X server and drivers for the machine.
In this example, the "xserver-xorg" and
"xf86-video-modesetting" are installed.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-MACHINE_EXTRA_RRECOMMENDS'><filename>MACHINE_EXTRA_RRECOMMENDS</filename></ulink>:
A list of machine-dependent packages
not essential for booting the image.
Thus, the build does not fail if the packages
do not exist.
However, the packages are required for a
fully-featured image.
<note><title>Tip</title>
Many <filename>MACHINE*</filename> variables
exist that help you configure a particular
piece of hardware.
</note>
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-EXTRA_IMAGEDEPENDS'><filename>EXTRA_IMAGEDEPENDS</filename></ulink>:
Recipes to build that do not provide packages
for installing into the root filesystem
but building the image depends on the
recipes.
Sometimes a recipe is required to build
the final image but is not needed in the
root filesystem.
In this case, the U-Boot recipe must be
built for the image.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-DEFAULTTUNE'><filename>DEFAULTTUNE</filename></ulink>:
Machines use tunings to optimize machine,
CPU, and application performance.
These features, which are collectively known
as "tuning features", exist in the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#oe-core'>OpenEmbedded-Core (OE-Core)</ulink>
layer (e.g.
<filename>poky/meta/conf/machine/include</filename>).
In this example, the default tunning file is
"cortexa8hf-neon".
<note>
The <filename>include</filename> statement
that pulls in the
<filename>conf/machine/include/tune-cortexa8.inc</filename>
file provides many tuning possibilities.
</note>
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-IMAGE_FSTYPES'><filename>IMAGE_FSTYPES</filename></ulink>:
The formats the OpenEmbedded build system
uses during the build when creating the
root filesystem.
In this example, four types of images are
supported.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-EXTRA_IMAGECMD'><filename>EXTRA_IMAGECMD</filename></ulink>:
Specifies additional options for image
creation commands.
In this example, the "-lnp " option is used
when creating the
<ulink url='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFFS2'>JFFS2</ulink>
image.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-WKS_FILE'><filename>WKS_FILE</filename></ulink>:
The location of the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-kickstart'>Wic kickstart</ulink>
file used by the OpenEmbedded build system to
create a partitioned image (image.wic).
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-IMAGE_INSTALL'><filename>IMAGE_INSTALL</filename></ulink>:
Specifies packages to install into an image
through the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-classes-image'><filename>image</filename></ulink>
class.
Recipes use the <filename>IMAGE_INSTALL</filename>
variable.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<filename>do_image_wic[depends]</filename>:
A task that is constructed during the build.
In this example, the task depends on specific tools
in order to create the sysroot when buiding a Wic
image.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SERIAL_CONSOLES'><filename>SERIAL_CONSOLES</filename></ulink>:
Defines a serial console (TTY) to enable using
getty.
In this case, the baud rate is "115200" and the
device name is "ttyO0".
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PREFERRED_PROVIDER'><filename>PREFERRED_PROVIDER_virtual/kernel</filename></ulink>:
Specifies the recipe that provides
"virtual/kernel" when more than one provider
is found.
In this case, the recipe that provides
"virtual/kernel" is "linux-yocto", which
exists in the layer's
<filename>recipes-kernel/linux</filename> directory.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PREFERRED_VERSION'><filename>PREFERRED_VERSION_linux-yocto</filename></ulink>:
Defines the version of the recipe used
to build the kernel, which is "5.0" in this
case.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-KERNEL_IMAGETYPE'><filename>KERNEL_IMAGETYPE</filename></ulink>:
The type of kernel to build for the device.
In this case, the OpenEmbedded build system
creates a "zImage" image type.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-KERNEL_DEVICETREE'><filename>KERNEL_DEVICETREE</filename></ulink>:
The names of the generated Linux kernel device
trees (i.e. the <filename>*.dtb</filename>) files.
All the device trees for the various BeagleBone
devices are included.
<!--
You have to include some *.inc files according to the definition of KERNEL_DEVICETREE.
I don't see where these are being provided.
-->
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-KERNEL_EXTRA_ARGS'><filename>KERNEL_EXTRA_ARGS</filename></ulink>:
Additional <filename>make</filename>
command-line arguments the OpenEmbedded build
system passes on when compiling the kernel.
In this example, "LOADADDR=${UBOOT_ENTRYPOINT}"
is passed as a command-line argument.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SPL_BINARY'><filename>SPL_BINARY</filename></ulink>:
Defines the Secondary Program Loader (SPL) binary
type.
In this case, the SPL binary is set to
"MLO", which stands for Multimedia card LOader.
</para>
<para>The BeagleBone development board requires an
SPL to boot and that SPL file type must be MLO.
Consequently, the machine configuration needs to
define <filename>SPL_BINARY</filename> as "MLO".
<note>
For more information on how the SPL variables
are used, see the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;/cgit/cgit.cgi/poky/tree/meta/recipes-bsp/u-boot/u-boot.inc'><filename>u-boot.inc</filename></ulink>
include file.
</note>
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-UBOOT_ENTRYPOINT'><filename>UBOOT_*</filename></ulink>:
Defines various U-Boot configurations needed
to build a U-Boot image.
In this example, a U-Boot image is required
to boot the BeagleBone device.
See the following variables for more information:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-UBOOT_SUFFIX'><filename>UBOOT_SUFFIX</filename></ulink>:
Points to the generated U-Boot extension.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-UBOOT_MACHINE'><filename>UBOOT_MACHINE</filename></ulink>:
Specifies the value passed on the make command line when building a U-Boot image.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-UBOOT_ENTRYPOINT'><filename>UBOOT_ENTRYPOINT</filename></ulink>:
Specifies the entry point for the U-Boot image.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-UBOOT_LOADADDRESS'><filename>UBOOT_LOADADDRESS</filename></ulink>:
Specifies the load address for the U-Boot image.
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-MACHINE_FEATURES'><filename>MACHINE_FEATURES</filename></ulink>:
Specifies the list of hardware features the
BeagleBone device is capable of supporting.
In this case, the device supports
"usbgadget usbhost vfat alsa".
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-IMAGE_BOOT_FILES'><filename>IMAGE_BOOT_FILES</filename></ulink>:
Files installed into the device's boot partition
when preparing the image using the Wic tool
with the <filename>bootimg-partition</filename> or <filename>bootimg-efi</filename>
source plugin.
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</section>
<section id='bsp-kernel-recipe-example'>
<title>BSP Kernel Recipe Example</title>
<para>
The kernel recipe used to build the kernel image
for the BeagleBone device was established in the
machine configuration:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
PREFERRED_PROVIDER_virtual/kernel ?= "linux-yocto"
PREFERRED_VERSION_linux-yocto ?= "5.0%"
</literallayout>
The <filename>meta-yocto-bsp/recipes-kernel/linux</filename>
directory in the layer contains metadata used
to build the kernel.
In this case, a kernel append file (i.e.
<filename>linux-yocto_5.0.bbappend</filename>) is used to
override an established kernel recipe (i.e.
<filename>linux-yocto_5.0.bb</filename>), which is
located in
<ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;/cgit/cgit.cgi/poky/tree/meta/recipes-kernel/linux'></ulink>.
</para>
<para>
Following is the contents of the append file:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
KBRANCH_genericx86 = "v5.0/standard/base"
KBRANCH_genericx86-64 = "v5.0/standard/base"
KBRANCH_edgerouter = "v5.0/standard/edgerouter"
KBRANCH_beaglebone-yocto = "v5.0/standard/beaglebone"
KMACHINE_genericx86 ?= "common-pc"
KMACHINE_genericx86-64 ?= "common-pc-64"
KMACHINE_beaglebone-yocto ?= "beaglebone"
SRCREV_machine_genericx86 ?= "3df4aae6074e94e794e27fe7f17451d9353cdf3d"
SRCREV_machine_genericx86-64 ?= "3df4aae6074e94e794e27fe7f17451d9353cdf3d"
SRCREV_machine_edgerouter ?= "3df4aae6074e94e794e27fe7f17451d9353cdf3d"
SRCREV_machine_beaglebone-yocto ?= "3df4aae6074e94e794e27fe7f17451d9353cdf3d"
COMPATIBLE_MACHINE_genericx86 = "genericx86"
COMPATIBLE_MACHINE_genericx86-64 = "genericx86-64"
COMPATIBLE_MACHINE_edgerouter = "edgerouter"
COMPATIBLE_MACHINE_beaglebone-yocto = "beaglebone-yocto"
LINUX_VERSION_genericx86 = "5.0.3"
LINUX_VERSION_genericx86-64 = "5.0.3"
LINUX_VERSION_edgerouter = "5.0.3"
LINUX_VERSION_beaglebone-yocto = "5.0.3"
</literallayout>
This particular append file works for all the
machines that are part of the
<filename>meta-yocto-bsp</filename> layer.
The relevant statements are appended with
the "beaglebone-yocto" string.
The OpenEmbedded build system uses these
statements to override similar statements
in the kernel recipe:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-KBRANCH'><filename>KBRANCH</filename></ulink>:
Identifies the kernel branch that is validated,
patched, and configured during the build.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-KMACHINE'><filename>KMACHINE</filename></ulink>:
Identifies the machine name as known by the
kernel, which is sometimes a different name
than what is known by the OpenEmbedded build
system.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SRCREV'><filename>SRCREV</filename></ulink>:
Identifies the revision of the source code used
to build the image.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-COMPATIBLE_MACHINE'><filename>COMPATIBLE_MACHINE</filename></ulink>:
A regular expression that resolves to one or
more target machines with which the recipe
is compatible.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-LINUX_VERSION'><filename>LINUX_VERSION</filename></ulink>:
The Linux version from kernel.org used by
the OpenEmbedded build system to build the
kernel image.
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</section>
</section>
</chapter>