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[<!ENTITY % poky SYSTEM "../poky.ent"> %poky; ] >
<chapter id=' overview-manual-concepts'>
<title>Yocto Project Concepts</title>
<para>
This chapter provides explanations for Yocto Project concepts that
go beyond the surface of "how-to" information and reference (or
look-up) material.
Concepts such as components, the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-system-term'>OpenEmbedded build system</ulink>
workflow, cross-development toolchains, shared state cache, and so
forth are explained.
</para>
<section id='yocto-project-components'>
<title>Yocto Project Components</title>
<para>
The
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#bitbake-term'>BitBake</ulink>
task executor together with various types of configuration files
form the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#oe-core'>OpenEmbedded-Core</ulink>.
This section overviews these components by describing their use and
how they interact.
</para>
<para>
BitBake handles the parsing and execution of the data files.
The data itself is of various types:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Recipes:</emphasis>
Provides details about particular pieces of software.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Class Data:</emphasis>
Abstracts common build information (e.g. how to build a
Linux kernel).
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Configuration Data:</emphasis>
Defines machine-specific settings, policy decisions, and
so forth.
Configuration data acts as the glue to bind everything
together.
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
<para>
BitBake knows how to combine multiple data sources together and
refers to each data source as a layer.
For information on layers, see the
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#understanding-and-creating-layers'>Understanding and Creating Layers</ulink>"
section of the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
</para>
<para>
Following are some brief details on these core components.
For additional information on how these components interact during
a build, see the
"<link linkend='openembedded-build-system-build-concepts'>OpenEmbedded Build System Concepts</link>"
section.
</para>
<section id='usingpoky-components-bitbake'>
<title>BitBake</title>
<para>
BitBake is the tool at the heart of the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-system-term'>OpenEmbedded build system</ulink>
and is responsible for parsing the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#metadata'>Metadata</ulink>,
generating a list of tasks from it, and then executing those
tasks.
</para>
<para>
This section briefly introduces BitBake.
If you want more information on BitBake, see the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BB_URL;'>BitBake User Manual</ulink>.
</para>
<para>
To see a list of the options BitBake supports, use either of
the following commands:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
$ bitbake -h
$ bitbake --help
</literallayout>
</para>
<para>
The most common usage for BitBake is
<filename>bitbake <replaceable>packagename</replaceable></filename>,
where <filename>packagename</filename> is the name of the
package you want to build (referred to as the "target").
The target often equates to the first part of a recipe's
filename (e.g. "foo" for a recipe named
<filename>foo_1.3.0-r0.bb</filename>).
So, to process the
<filename>matchbox-desktop_1.2.3.bb</filename> recipe file, you
might type the following:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
$ bitbake matchbox-desktop
</literallayout>
Several different versions of
<filename>matchbox-desktop</filename> might exist.
BitBake chooses the one selected by the distribution
configuration.
You can get more details about how BitBake chooses between
different target versions and providers in the
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BB_URL;#bb-bitbake-preferences'>Preferences</ulink>"
section of the BitBake User Manual.
</para>
<para>
BitBake also tries to execute any dependent tasks first.
So for example, before building
<filename>matchbox-desktop</filename>, BitBake would build a
cross compiler and <filename>glibc</filename> if they had not
already been built.
</para>
<para>
A useful BitBake option to consider is the
<filename>-k</filename> or <filename>--continue</filename>
option.
This option instructs BitBake to try and continue processing
the job as long as possible even after encountering an error.
When an error occurs, the target that failed and those that
depend on it cannot be remade.
However, when you use this option other dependencies can
still be processed.
</para>
</section>
<section id='overview-components-recipes'>
<title>Recipes</title>
<para>
Files that have the <filename>.bb</filename> suffix are
"recipes" files.
In general, a recipe contains information about a single piece
of software.
This information includes the location from which to download
the unaltered source, any source patches to be applied to that
source (if needed), which special configuration options to
apply, how to compile the source files, and how to package the
compiled output.
</para>
<para>
The term "package" is sometimes used to refer to recipes.
However, since the word "package" is used for the packaged
output from the OpenEmbedded build system (i.e.
<filename>.ipk</filename> or <filename>.deb</filename> files),
this document avoids using the term "package" when referring
to recipes.
</para>
</section>
<section id='overview-components-classes'>
<title>Classes</title>
<para>
Class files (<filename>.bbclass</filename>) contain information
that is useful to share between recipes files.
An example is the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-classes-autotools'><filename>autotools</filename></ulink>
class, which contains common settings for any application that
Autotools uses.
The
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-classes'>Classes</ulink>"
chapter in the Yocto Project Reference Manual provides
details about classes and how to use them.
</para>
</section>
<section id='overview-components-configurations'>
<title>Configurations</title>
<para>
The configuration files (<filename>.conf</filename>) define
various configuration variables that govern the OpenEmbedded
build process.
These files fall into several areas that define machine
configuration options, distribution configuration options,
compiler tuning options, general common configuration options,
and user configuration options in
<filename>conf/local.conf</filename>, which is found in the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-directory'>Build Directory</ulink>.
</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id='overview-layers'>
<title>Layers</title>
<para>
Layers are repositories that contain related metadata (i.e.
sets of instructions) that tell the OpenEmbedded build system how
to build a target.
Yocto Project's
<link linkend='the-yocto-project-layer-model'>layer model</link>
facilitates collaboration, sharing, customization, and reuse
within the Yocto Project development environment.
Layers logically separate information for your project.
For example, you can use a layer to hold all the configurations
for a particular piece of hardware.
Isolating hardware-specific configurations allows you to share
other metadata by using a different layer where that metadata
might be common across several pieces of hardware.
</para>
<para>
Many layers exist that work in the Yocto Project development
environment.
The
<ulink url='https://caffelli-staging.yoctoproject.org/software-overview/layers/'>Yocto Project Curated Layer Index</ulink>
and
<ulink url='http://layers.openembedded.org/layerindex/branch/master/layers/'>OpenEmbedded Layer Index</ulink>
both contain layers from which you can use or leverage.
</para>
<para>
By convention, layers in the Yocto Project follow a specific form.
Conforming to a known structure allows BitBake to make assumptions
during builds on where to find types of metadata.
You can find procedures and learn about tools (i.e.
<filename>bitbake-layers</filename>) for creating layers suitable
for the Yocto Project in the
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#understanding-and-creating-layers'>Understanding and Creating Layers</ulink>"
section of the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
</para>
</section>
<section id="openembedded-build-system-build-concepts">
<title>OpenEmbedded Build System Concepts</title>
<para>
This section takes a more detailed look inside the build
process used by the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-system-term'>OpenEmbedded build system</ulink>,
which is the build system specific to the Yocto Project.
At the heart of the build system is BitBake, the task executor.
</para>
<para>
The following diagram represents the high-level workflow of a
build.
The remainder of this section expands on the fundamental input,
output, process, and metadata logical blocks that make up the
workflow.
</para>
<para id='general-workflow-figure'>
<imagedata fileref="figures/YP-flow-diagram.png" format="PNG" align='center' width="8in"/>
</para>
<para>
In general, the build's workflow consists of several functional
areas:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>User Configuration:</emphasis>
metadata you can use to control the build process.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Metadata Layers:</emphasis>
Various layers that provide software, machine, and
distro metadata.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Source Files:</emphasis>
Upstream releases, local projects, and SCMs.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Build System:</emphasis>
Processes under the control of
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#bitbake-term'>BitBake</ulink>.
This block expands on how BitBake fetches source, applies
patches, completes compilation, analyzes output for package
generation, creates and tests packages, generates images,
and generates cross-development tools.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Package Feeds:</emphasis>
Directories containing output packages (RPM, DEB or IPK),
which are subsequently used in the construction of an
image or Software Development Kit (SDK), produced by the
build system.
These feeds can also be copied and shared using a web
server or other means to facilitate extending or updating
existing images on devices at runtime if runtime package
management is enabled.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Images:</emphasis>
Images produced by the workflow.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Application Development SDK:</emphasis>
Cross-development tools that are produced along with
an image or separately with BitBake.
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
<section id="user-configuration">
<title>User Configuration</title>
<para>
User configuration helps define the build.
Through user configuration, you can tell BitBake the
target architecture for which you are building the image,
where to store downloaded source, and other build properties.
</para>
<para>
The following figure shows an expanded representation of the
"User Configuration" box of the
<link linkend='general-workflow-figure'>general workflow figure</link>:
</para>
<para>
<imagedata fileref="figures/user-configuration.png" align="center" width="8in" depth="4.5in" />
</para>
<para>
BitBake needs some basic configuration files in order to
complete a build.
These files are <filename>*.conf</filename> files.
The minimally necessary ones reside as example files in the
<filename>build/conf</filename> directory of the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#source-directory'>Source Directory</ulink>.
For simplicity, this section refers to the Source Directory as
the "Poky Directory."
</para>
<para>
When you clone the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#poky'>Poky</ulink>
Git repository or you download and unpack a Yocto Project
release, you can set up the Source Directory to be named
anything you want.
For this discussion, the cloned repository uses the default
name <filename>poky</filename>.
<note>
The Poky repository is primarily an aggregation of existing
repositories.
It is not a canonical upstream source.
</note>
</para>
<para>
The <filename>meta-poky</filename> layer inside Poky contains
a <filename>conf</filename> directory that has example
configuration files.
These example files are used as a basis for creating actual
configuration files when you source
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#structure-core-script'><filename>&OE_INIT_FILE;</filename></ulink>,
which is the build environment script.
</para>
<para>
Sourcing the build environment script creates a
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-directory'>Build Directory</ulink>
if one does not already exist.
BitBake uses the Build Directory for all its work during
builds.
The Build Directory has a <filename>conf</filename> directory
that contains default versions of your
<filename>local.conf</filename> and
<filename>bblayers.conf</filename> configuration files.
These default configuration files are created only if versions
do not already exist in the Build Directory at the time you
source the build environment setup script.
</para>
<para>
Because the Poky repository is fundamentally an aggregation of
existing repositories, some users might be familiar with
running the <filename>&OE_INIT_FILE;</filename> script
in the context of separate
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#oe-core'>OpenEmbedded-Core</ulink>
and BitBake repositories rather than a single Poky repository.
This discussion assumes the script is executed from
within a cloned or unpacked version of Poky.
</para>
<para>
Depending on where the script is sourced, different
sub-scripts are called to set up the Build Directory
(Yocto or OpenEmbedded).
Specifically, the script
<filename>scripts/oe-setup-builddir</filename> inside the
poky directory sets up the Build Directory and seeds the
directory (if necessary) with configuration files appropriate
for the Yocto Project development environment.
<note>
The <filename>scripts/oe-setup-builddir</filename> script
uses the <filename>$TEMPLATECONF</filename> variable to
determine which sample configuration files to locate.
</note>
</para>
<para>
The <filename>local.conf</filename> file provides many
basic variables that define a build environment.
Here is a list of a few.
To see the default configurations in a
<filename>local.conf</filename> file created by the build
environment script, see the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;/cgit/cgit.cgi/poky/tree/meta-poky/conf/local.conf.sample'><filename>local.conf.sample</filename></ulink>
in the <filename>meta-poky</filename> layer:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Target Machine Selection:</emphasis>
Controlled by the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-MACHINE'><filename>MACHINE</filename></ulink>
variable.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Download Directory:</emphasis>
Controlled by the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-DL_DIR'><filename>DL_DIR</filename></ulink>
variable.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Shared State Directory:</emphasis>
Controlled by the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SSTATE_DIR'><filename>SSTATE_DIR</filename></ulink>
variable.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Build Output:</emphasis>
Controlled by the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-TMPDIR'><filename>TMPDIR</filename></ulink>
variable.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Distribution Policy:</emphasis>
Controlled by the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-DISTRO'><filename>DISTRO</filename></ulink>
variable.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Packaging Format:</emphasis>
Controlled by the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PACKAGE_CLASSES'><filename>PACKAGE_CLASSES</filename></ulink>
variable.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>SDK Target Architecture:</emphasis>
Controlled by the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SDKMACHINE'><filename>SDKMACHINE</filename></ulink>
variable.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Extra Image Packages:</emphasis>
Controlled by the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-EXTRA_IMAGE_FEATURES'><filename>EXTRA_IMAGE_FEATURES</filename></ulink>
variable.
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<note>
Configurations set in the
<filename>conf/local.conf</filename> file can also be set
in the <filename>conf/site.conf</filename> and
<filename>conf/auto.conf</filename> configuration files.
</note>
</para>
<para>
The <filename>bblayers.conf</filename> file tells BitBake what
layers you want considered during the build.
By default, the layers listed in this file include layers
minimally needed by the build system.
However, you must manually add any custom layers you have
created.
You can find more information on working with the
<filename>bblayers.conf</filename> file in the
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#enabling-your-layer'>Enabling Your Layer</ulink>"
section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
</para>
<para>
The files <filename>site.conf</filename> and
<filename>auto.conf</filename> are not created by the
environment initialization script.
If you want the <filename>site.conf</filename> file, you
need to create that yourself.
The <filename>auto.conf</filename> file is typically created by
an autobuilder:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis><filename>site.conf</filename>:</emphasis>
You can use the <filename>conf/site.conf</filename>
configuration file to configure multiple
build directories.
For example, suppose you had several build environments
and they shared some common features.
You can set these default build properties here.
A good example is perhaps the packaging format to use
through the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PACKAGE_CLASSES'><filename>PACKAGE_CLASSES</filename></ulink>
variable.</para>
<para>One useful scenario for using the
<filename>conf/site.conf</filename> file is to extend
your
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-BBPATH'><filename>BBPATH</filename></ulink>
variable to include the path to a
<filename>conf/site.conf</filename>.
Then, when BitBake looks for Metadata using
<filename>BBPATH</filename>, it finds the
<filename>conf/site.conf</filename> file and applies
your common configurations found in the file.
To override configurations in a particular build
directory, alter the similar configurations within
that build directory's
<filename>conf/local.conf</filename> file.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis><filename>auto.conf</filename>:</emphasis>
The file is usually created and written to by
an autobuilder.
The settings put into the file are typically the
same as you would find in the
<filename>conf/local.conf</filename> or the
<filename>conf/site.conf</filename> files.
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
<para>
You can edit all configuration files to further define
any particular build environment.
This process is represented by the "User Configuration Edits"
box in the figure.
</para>
<para>
When you launch your build with the
<filename>bitbake <replaceable>target</replaceable></filename>
command, BitBake sorts out the configurations to ultimately
define your build environment.
It is important to understand that the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-system-term'>OpenEmbedded build system</ulink>
reads the configuration files in a specific order:
<filename>site.conf</filename>, <filename>auto.conf</filename>,
and <filename>local.conf</filename>.
And, the build system applies the normal assignment statement
rules as described in the
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BB_URL;#bitbake-user-manual-metadata'>Syntax and Operators</ulink>"
chapter of the BitBake User Manual.
Because the files are parsed in a specific order, variable
assignments for the same variable could be affected.
For example, if the <filename>auto.conf</filename> file and
the <filename>local.conf</filename> set
<replaceable>variable1</replaceable> to different values,
because the build system parses <filename>local.conf</filename>
after <filename>auto.conf</filename>,
<replaceable>variable1</replaceable> is assigned the value from
the <filename>local.conf</filename> file.
</para>
</section>
<section id="metadata-machine-configuration-and-policy-configuration">
<title>Metadata, Machine Configuration, and Policy Configuration</title>
<para>
The previous section described the user configurations that
define BitBake's global behavior.
This section takes a closer look at the layers the build system
uses to further control the build.
These layers provide Metadata for the software, machine, and
policies.
</para>
<para>
In general, three types of layer input exists.
You can see them below the "User Configuration" box in the
<link linkend='general-workflow-figure'>general workflow figure</link>:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Metadata (<filename>.bb</filename> + Patches):</emphasis>
Software layers containing user-supplied recipe files,
patches, and append files.
A good example of a software layer might be the
<ulink url='https://github.com/meta-qt5/meta-qt5'><filename>meta-qt5</filename></ulink>
layer from the
<ulink url='http://layers.openembedded.org/layerindex/branch/master/layers/'>OpenEmbedded Layer Index</ulink>.
This layer is for version 5.0 of the popular
<ulink url='https://wiki.qt.io/About_Qt'>Qt</ulink>
cross-platform application development framework for
desktop, embedded and mobile.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Machine BSP Configuration:</emphasis>
Board Support Package (BSP) layers (i.e. "BSP Layer"
in the following figure) providing machine-specific
configurations.
This type of information is specific to a particular
target architecture.
A good example of a BSP layer from the
<link linkend='gs-reference-distribution-poky'>Poky Reference Distribution</link>
is the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;/cgit/cgit.cgi/poky/tree/meta-yocto-bsp'><filename>meta-yocto-bsp</filename></ulink>
layer.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Policy Configuration:</emphasis>
Distribution Layers (i.e. "Distro Layer" in the
following figure) providing top-level or general
policies for the images or SDKs being built for a
particular distribution.
For example, in the Poky Reference Distribution the
distro layer is the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;/cgit/cgit.cgi/poky/tree/meta-poky'><filename>meta-poky</filename></ulink>
layer.
Within the distro layer is a
<filename>conf/distro</filename> directory that
contains distro configuration files (e.g.
<ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;/cgit/cgit.cgi/poky/tree/meta-poky/conf/distro/poky.conf'><filename>poky.conf</filename></ulink>
that contain many policy configurations for the
Poky distribution.
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
<para>
The following figure shows an expanded representation of
these three layers from the
<link linkend='general-workflow-figure'>general workflow figure</link>:
</para>
<para>
<imagedata fileref="figures/layer-input.png" align="center" width="8in" depth="8in" />
</para>
<para>
In general, all layers have a similar structure.
They all contain a licensing file
(e.g. <filename>COPYING.MIT</filename>) if the layer is to be
distributed, a <filename>README</filename> file as good
practice and especially if the layer is to be distributed, a
configuration directory, and recipe directories.
You can learn about the general structure for layers used with
the Yocto Project in the
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#creating-your-own-layer'>Creating Your Own Layer</ulink>"
section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
For a general discussion on layers and the many layers from
which you can draw, see the
"<link linkend='overview-layers'>Layers</link>" and
"<link linkend='the-yocto-project-layer-model'>The Yocto Project Layer Model</link>"
sections both earlier in this manual.
</para>
<para>
If you explored the previous links, you discovered some
areas where many layers that work with the Yocto Project
exist.
The
<ulink url="http://git.yoctoproject.org/">Source Repositories</ulink>
also shows layers categorized under "Yocto Metadata Layers."
<note>
Layers exist in the Yocto Project Source Repositories that
cannot be found in the OpenEmbedded Layer Index.
These layers are either deprecated or experimental
in nature.
</note>
</para>
<para>
BitBake uses the <filename>conf/bblayers.conf</filename> file,
which is part of the user configuration, to find what layers it
should be using as part of the build.
</para>
<section id="distro-layer">
<title>Distro Layer</title>
<para>
The distribution layer provides policy configurations for
your distribution.
Best practices dictate that you isolate these types of
configurations into their own layer.
Settings you provide in
<filename>conf/distro/<replaceable>distro</replaceable>.conf</filename> override
similar settings that BitBake finds in your
<filename>conf/local.conf</filename> file in the Build
Directory.
</para>
<para>
The following list provides some explanation and references
for what you typically find in the distribution layer:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>classes:</emphasis>
Class files (<filename>.bbclass</filename>) hold
common functionality that can be shared among
recipes in the distribution.
When your recipes inherit a class, they take on the
settings and functions for that class.
You can read more about class files in the
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-classes'>Classes</ulink>"
chapter of the Yocto Reference Manual.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>conf:</emphasis>
This area holds configuration files for the
layer (<filename>conf/layer.conf</filename>),
the distribution
(<filename>conf/distro/<replaceable>distro</replaceable>.conf</filename>),
and any distribution-wide include files.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>recipes-*:</emphasis>
Recipes and append files that affect common
functionality across the distribution.
This area could include recipes and append files
to add distribution-specific configuration,
initialization scripts, custom image recipes,
and so forth.
Examples of <filename>recipes-*</filename>
directories are <filename>recipes-core</filename>
and <filename>recipes-extra</filename>.
Hierarchy and contents within a
<filename>recipes-*</filename> directory can vary.
Generally, these directories contain recipe files
(<filename>*.bb</filename>), recipe append files
(<filename>*.bbappend</filename>), directories
that are distro-specific for configuration files,
and so forth.
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</section>
<section id="bsp-layer">
<title>BSP Layer</title>
<para>
The BSP Layer provides machine configurations that
target specific hardware.
Everything in this layer is specific to the machine for
which you are building the image or the SDK.
A common structure or form is defined for BSP layers.
You can learn more about this structure in the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BSP_URL;'>Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP) Developer's Guide</ulink>.
<note>
In order for a BSP layer to be considered compliant
with the Yocto Project, it must meet some structural
requirements.
</note>
</para>
<para>
The BSP Layer's configuration directory contains
configuration files for the machine
(<filename>conf/machine/<replaceable>machine</replaceable>.conf</filename>)
and, of course, the layer
(<filename>conf/layer.conf</filename>).
</para>
<para>
The remainder of the layer is dedicated to specific recipes
by function: <filename>recipes-bsp</filename>,
<filename>recipes-core</filename>,
<filename>recipes-graphics</filename>,
<filename>recipes-kernel</filename>, and so forth.
Metadata can exist for multiple formfactors, graphics
support systems, and so forth.
<note>
While the figure shows several
<filename>recipes-*</filename> directories, not all
these directories appear in all BSP layers.
</note>
</para>
</section>
<section id="software-layer">
<title>Software Layer</title>
<para>
The software layer provides the Metadata for additional
software packages used during the build.
This layer does not include Metadata that is specific to
the distribution or the machine, which are found in their
respective layers.
</para>
<para>
This layer contains any recipes, append files, and
patches, that your project needs.
</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id="sources-dev-environment">
<title>Sources</title>
<para>
In order for the OpenEmbedded build system to create an
image or any target, it must be able to access source files.
The
<link linkend='general-workflow-figure'>general workflow figure</link>
represents source files using the "Upstream Project Releases",
"Local Projects", and "SCMs (optional)" boxes.
The figure represents mirrors, which also play a role in
locating source files, with the "Source Materials" box.
</para>
<para>
The method by which source files are ultimately organized is
a function of the project.
For example, for released software, projects tend to use
tarballs or other archived files that can capture the
state of a release guaranteeing that it is statically
represented.
On the other hand, for a project that is more dynamic or
experimental in nature, a project might keep source files in a
repository controlled by a Source Control Manager (SCM) such as
Git.
Pulling source from a repository allows you to control
the point in the repository (the revision) from which you
want to build software.
Finally, a combination of the two might exist, which would
give the consumer a choice when deciding where to get
source files.
</para>
<para>
BitBake uses the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SRC_URI'><filename>SRC_URI</filename></ulink>
variable to point to source files regardless of their location.
Each recipe must have a <filename>SRC_URI</filename> variable
that points to the source.
</para>
<para>
Another area that plays a significant role in where source
files come from is pointed to by the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-DL_DIR'><filename>DL_DIR</filename></ulink>
variable.
This area is a cache that can hold previously downloaded
source.
You can also instruct the OpenEmbedded build system to create
tarballs from Git repositories, which is not the default
behavior, and store them in the <filename>DL_DIR</filename>
by using the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-BB_GENERATE_MIRROR_TARBALLS'><filename>BB_GENERATE_MIRROR_TARBALLS</filename></ulink>
variable.
</para>
<para>
Judicious use of a <filename>DL_DIR</filename> directory can
save the build system a trip across the Internet when looking
for files.
A good method for using a download directory is to have
<filename>DL_DIR</filename> point to an area outside of your
Build Directory.
Doing so allows you to safely delete the Build Directory
if needed without fear of removing any downloaded source file.
</para>
<para>
The remainder of this section provides a deeper look into the
source files and the mirrors.
Here is a more detailed look at the source file area of the
<link linkend='general-workflow-figure'>general workflow figure</link>:
</para>
<para>
<imagedata fileref="figures/source-input.png" width="6in" depth="6in" align="center" />
</para>
<section id='upstream-project-releases'>
<title>Upstream Project Releases</title>
<para>
Upstream project releases exist anywhere in the form of an
archived file (e.g. tarball or zip file).
These files correspond to individual recipes.
For example, the figure uses specific releases each for
BusyBox, Qt, and Dbus.
An archive file can be for any released product that can be
built using a recipe.
</para>
</section>
<section id='local-projects'>
<title>Local Projects</title>
<para>
Local projects are custom bits of software the user
provides.
These bits reside somewhere local to a project - perhaps
a directory into which the user checks in items (e.g.
a local directory containing a development source tree
used by the group).
</para>
<para>
The canonical method through which to include a local
project is to use the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-classes-externalsrc'><filename>externalsrc</filename></ulink>
class to include that local project.
You use either the <filename>local.conf</filename> or a
recipe's append file to override or set the
recipe to point to the local directory on your disk to pull
in the whole source tree.
</para>
</section>
<section id='scms'>
<title>Source Control Managers (Optional)</title>
<para>
Another place the build system can get source files from is
through a Source Control Manager (SCM) such as Git or
Subversion.
In such cases, a repository is cloned or checked out.
The
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-fetch'><filename>do_fetch</filename></ulink>
task inside BitBake uses
the <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SRC_URI'><filename>SRC_URI</filename></ulink>
variable and the argument's prefix to determine the correct
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BB_URL;#bb-fetchers'><filename>fetcher</filename></ulink>
module.
<note>
For information on how to have the OpenEmbedded build
system generate tarballs for Git repositories and place
them in the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-DL_DIR'><filename>DL_DIR</filename></ulink>
directory, see the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-BB_GENERATE_MIRROR_TARBALLS'><filename>BB_GENERATE_MIRROR_TARBALLS</filename></ulink>
variable in the Yocto Project Reference Manual.
</note>
</para>
<para>
When fetching a repository, BitBake uses the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SRCREV'><filename>SRCREV</filename></ulink>
variable to determine the specific revision from which to
build.
</para>
</section>
<section id='source-mirrors'>
<title>Source Mirror(s)</title>
<para>
Two kinds of mirrors exist: pre-mirrors and regular
mirrors.
The
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PREMIRRORS'><filename>PREMIRRORS</filename></ulink>
and
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-MIRRORS'><filename>MIRRORS</filename></ulink>
variables point to these, respectively.
BitBake checks pre-mirrors before looking upstream for any
source files.
Pre-mirrors are appropriate when you have a shared
directory that is not a directory defined by the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-DL_DIR'><filename>DL_DIR</filename></ulink>
variable.
A Pre-mirror typically points to a shared directory that is
local to your organization.
</para>
<para>
Regular mirrors can be any site across the Internet
that is used as an alternative location for source
code should the primary site not be functioning for
some reason or another.
</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id="package-feeds-dev-environment">
<title>Package Feeds</title>
<para>
When the OpenEmbedded build system generates an image or an
SDK, it gets the packages from a package feed area located
in the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-directory'>Build Directory</ulink>.
The
<link linkend='general-workflow-figure'>general workflow figure</link>
shows this package feeds area in the upper-right corner.
</para>
<para>
This section looks a little closer into the package feeds
area used by the build system.
Here is a more detailed look at the area:
<imagedata fileref="figures/package-feeds.png" align="center" width="7in" depth="6in" />
</para>
<para>
Package feeds are an intermediary step in the build process.
The OpenEmbedded build system provides classes to generate
different package types, and you specify which classes to
enable through the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PACKAGE_CLASSES'><filename>PACKAGE_CLASSES</filename></ulink>
variable.
Before placing the packages into package feeds,
the build process validates them with generated output quality
assurance checks through the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-classes-insane'><filename>insane</filename></ulink>
class.
</para>
<para>
The package feed area resides in the Build Directory.
The directory the build system uses to temporarily store
packages is determined by a combination of variables and the
particular package manager in use.
See the "Package Feeds" box in the illustration and note the
information to the right of that area.
In particular, the following defines where package files are
kept:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-DEPLOY_DIR'><filename>DEPLOY_DIR</filename></ulink>:
Defined as <filename>tmp/deploy</filename> in the Build
Directory.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<filename>DEPLOY_DIR_*</filename>:
Depending on the package manager used, the package type
sub-folder.
Given RPM, IPK, or DEB packaging and tarball creation,
the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-DEPLOY_DIR_RPM'><filename>DEPLOY_DIR_RPM</filename></ulink>,
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-DEPLOY_DIR_IPK'><filename>DEPLOY_DIR_IPK</filename></ulink>,
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-DEPLOY_DIR_DEB'><filename>DEPLOY_DIR_DEB</filename></ulink>,
or
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-DEPLOY_DIR_TAR'><filename>DEPLOY_DIR_TAR</filename></ulink>,
variables are used, respectively.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PACKAGE_ARCH'><filename>PACKAGE_ARCH</filename></ulink>:
Defines architecture-specific sub-folders.
For example, packages could exist for the i586 or
qemux86 architectures.
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
<para>
BitBake uses the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-package_write_deb'><filename>do_package_write_*</filename></ulink>
tasks to generate packages and place them into the package
holding area (e.g. <filename>do_package_write_ipk</filename>
for IPK packages).
See the
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-package_write_deb'><filename>do_package_write_deb</filename></ulink>",
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-package_write_ipk'><filename>do_package_write_ipk</filename></ulink>",
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-package_write_rpm'><filename>do_package_write_rpm</filename></ulink>",
and
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-package_write_tar'><filename>do_package_write_tar</filename></ulink>"
sections in the Yocto Project Reference Manual
for additional information.
As an example, consider a scenario where an IPK packaging
manager is being used and package architecture support for
both i586 and qemux86 exist.
Packages for the i586 architecture are placed in
<filename>build/tmp/deploy/ipk/i586</filename>, while packages
for the qemux86 architecture are placed in
<filename>build/tmp/deploy/ipk/qemux86</filename>.
</para>
</section>
<section id='bitbake-dev-environment'>
<title>BitBake</title>
<para>
The OpenEmbedded build system uses
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#bitbake-term'>BitBake</ulink>
to produce images and Software Development Kits (SDKs).
You can see from the
<link linkend='general-workflow-figure'>general workflow figure</link>,
the BitBake area consists of several functional areas.
This section takes a closer look at each of those areas.
<note>
Separate documentation exists for the BitBake tool.
See the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BB_URL;'>BitBake User Manual</ulink>
for reference material on BitBake.
</note>
</para>
<section id='source-fetching-dev-environment'>
<title>Source Fetching</title>
<para>
The first stages of building a recipe are to fetch and
unpack the source code:
<imagedata fileref="figures/source-fetching.png" align="center" width="6.5in" depth="5in" />
</para>
<para>
The
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-fetch'><filename>do_fetch</filename></ulink>
and
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-unpack'><filename>do_unpack</filename></ulink>
tasks fetch the source files and unpack them into the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-directory'>Build Directory</ulink>.
<note>
For every local file (e.g. <filename>file://</filename>)
that is part of a recipe's
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SRC_URI'><filename>SRC_URI</filename></ulink>
statement, the OpenEmbedded build system takes a
checksum of the file for the recipe and inserts the
checksum into the signature for the
<filename>do_fetch</filename> task.
If any local file has been modified, the
<filename>do_fetch</filename> task and all tasks that
depend on it are re-executed.
</note>
By default, everything is accomplished in the Build
Directory, which has a defined structure.
For additional general information on the Build Directory,
see the
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#structure-core-build'><filename>build/</filename></ulink>"
section in the Yocto Project Reference Manual.
</para>
<para>
Each recipe has an area in the Build Directory where the
unpacked source code resides.
The
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-S'><filename>S</filename></ulink>
variable points to this area for a recipe's unpacked source
code.
The name of that directory for any given recipe is defined
from several different variables.
The preceding figure and the following list describe
the Build Directory's hierarchy:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-TMPDIR'><filename>TMPDIR</filename></ulink>:
The base directory where the OpenEmbedded build
system performs all its work during the build.
The default base directory is the
<filename>tmp</filename> directory.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PACKAGE_ARCH'><filename>PACKAGE_ARCH</filename></ulink>:
The architecture of the built package or packages.
Depending on the eventual destination of the
package or packages (i.e. machine architecture,
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#hardware-build-system-term'>build host</ulink>,
SDK, or specific machine),
<filename>PACKAGE_ARCH</filename> varies.
See the variable's description for details.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-TARGET_OS'><filename>TARGET_OS</filename></ulink>:
The operating system of the target device.
A typical value would be "linux" (e.g.
"qemux86-poky-linux").
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PN'><filename>PN</filename></ulink>:
The name of the recipe used to build the package.
This variable can have multiple meanings.
However, when used in the context of input files,
<filename>PN</filename> represents the the name
of the recipe.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-WORKDIR'><filename>WORKDIR</filename></ulink>:
The location where the OpenEmbedded build system
builds a recipe (i.e. does the work to create the
package).
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PV'><filename>PV</filename></ulink>:
The version of the recipe used to build the
package.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PR'><filename>PR</filename></ulink>:
The revision of the recipe used to build the
package.
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-S'><filename>S</filename></ulink>:
Contains the unpacked source files for a given
recipe.
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-BPN'><filename>BPN</filename></ulink>:
The name of the recipe used to build the
package.
The <filename>BPN</filename> variable is
a version of the <filename>PN</filename>
variable but with common prefixes and
suffixes removed.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PV'><filename>PV</filename></ulink>:
The version of the recipe used to build the
package.
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<note>
In the previous figure, notice that two sample
hierarchies exist: one based on package architecture (i.e.
<filename>PACKAGE_ARCH</filename>) and one based on a
machine (i.e. <filename>MACHINE</filename>).
The underlying structures are identical.
The differentiator being what the OpenEmbedded build
system is using as a build target (e.g. general
architecture, a build host, an SDK, or a specific
machine).
</note>
</para>
</section>
<section id='patching-dev-environment'>
<title>Patching</title>
<para>
Once source code is fetched and unpacked, BitBake locates
patch files and applies them to the source files:
<imagedata fileref="figures/patching.png" align="center" width="7in" depth="6in" />
</para>
<para>
The
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-patch'><filename>do_patch</filename></ulink>
task uses a recipe's
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SRC_URI'><filename>SRC_URI</filename></ulink>
statements and the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-FILESPATH'><filename>FILESPATH</filename></ulink>
variable to locate applicable patch files.
</para>
<para>
Default processing for patch files assumes the files have
either <filename>*.patch</filename> or
<filename>*.diff</filename> file types.
You can use <filename>SRC_URI</filename> parameters to
change the way the build system recognizes patch files.
See the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-patch'><filename>do_patch</filename></ulink>
task for more information.
</para>
<para>
BitBake finds and applies multiple patches for a single
recipe in the order in which it locates the patches.
The <filename>FILESPATH</filename> variable defines the
default set of directories that the build system uses to
search for patch files.
Once found, patches are applied to the recipe's source
files, which are located in the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-S'><filename>S</filename></ulink>
directory.
</para>
<para>
For more information on how the source directories are
created, see the
"<link linkend='source-fetching-dev-environment'>Source Fetching</link>"
section.
For more information on how to create patches and how the
build system processes patches, see the
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#new-recipe-patching-code'>Patching Code</ulink>"
section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
You can also see the
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_SDK_URL;#sdk-devtool-use-devtool-modify-to-modify-the-source-of-an-existing-component'>Use <filename>devtool modify</filename> to Modify the Source of an Existing Component</ulink>"
section in the Yocto Project Application Development and
the Extensible Software Development Kit (SDK) manual and
the
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_KERNEL_DEV_URL;#using-traditional-kernel-development-to-patch-the-kernel'>Using Traditional Kernel Development to Patch the Kernel</ulink>"
section in the Yocto Project Linux Kernel Development
Manual.
</para>
</section>
<section id='configuration-compilation-and-staging-dev-environment'>
<title>Configuration, Compilation, and Staging</title>
<para>
After source code is patched, BitBake executes tasks that
configure and compile the source code.
Once compilation occurs, the files are copied to a holding
area (staged) in preparation for packaging:
<imagedata fileref="figures/configuration-compile-autoreconf.png" align="center" width="7in" depth="5in" />
</para>
<para>
This step in the build process consists of the following
tasks:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-prepare_recipe_sysroot'><filename>do_prepare_recipe_sysroot</filename></ulink></emphasis>:
This task sets up the two sysroots in
<filename>${</filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-WORKDIR'><filename>WORKDIR</filename></ulink><filename>}</filename>
(i.e. <filename>recipe-sysroot</filename> and
<filename>recipe-sysroot-native</filename>) so that
during the packaging phase the sysroots can contain
the contents of the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-populate_sysroot'><filename>do_populate_sysroot</filename></ulink>
tasks of the recipes on which the recipe
containing the tasks depends.
A sysroot exists for both the target and for the
native binaries, which run on the host system.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis><filename>do_configure</filename></emphasis>:
This task configures the source by enabling and
disabling any build-time and configuration options
for the software being built.
Configurations can come from the recipe itself as
well as from an inherited class.
Additionally, the software itself might configure
itself depending on the target for which it is
being built.</para>
<para>The configurations handled by the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-configure'><filename>do_configure</filename></ulink>
task are specific to configurations for the source
code being built by the recipe.</para>
<para>If you are using the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-classes-autotools'><filename>autotools</filename></ulink>
class, you can add additional configuration options
by using the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-EXTRA_OECONF'><filename>EXTRA_OECONF</filename></ulink>
or
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PACKAGECONFIG_CONFARGS'><filename>PACKAGECONFIG_CONFARGS</filename></ulink>
variables.
For information on how this variable works within
that class, see the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-classes-autotools'><filename>autotools</filename></ulink>
class
<ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;/cgit/cgit.cgi/poky/tree/meta/classes/autotools.bbclass'>here</ulink>.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis><filename>do_compile</filename></emphasis>:
Once a configuration task has been satisfied,
BitBake compiles the source using the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-compile'><filename>do_compile</filename></ulink>
task.
Compilation occurs in the directory pointed to by
the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-B'><filename>B</filename></ulink>
variable.
Realize that the <filename>B</filename> directory
is, by default, the same as the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-S'><filename>S</filename></ulink>
directory.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis><filename>do_install</filename></emphasis>:
After compilation completes, BitBake executes the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-install'><filename>do_install</filename></ulink>
task.
This task copies files from the
<filename>B</filename> directory and places them
in a holding area pointed to by the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-D'><filename>D</filename></ulink>
variable.
Packaging occurs later using files from this
holding directory.
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</section>
<section id='package-splitting-dev-environment'>
<title>Package Splitting</title>
<para>
After source code is configured, compiled, and staged, the
build system analyzes the results and splits the output
into packages:
<imagedata fileref="figures/analysis-for-package-splitting.png" align="center" width="7in" depth="7in" />
</para>
<para>
The
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-package'><filename>do_package</filename></ulink>
and
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-packagedata'><filename>do_packagedata</filename></ulink>
tasks combine to analyze the files found in the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-D'><filename>D</filename></ulink>
directory and split them into subsets based on available
packages and files.
Analysis involves the following as well as other items:
splitting out debugging symbols, looking at shared library
dependencies between packages, and looking at package
relationships.
</para>
<para>
The <filename>do_packagedata</filename> task creates
package metadata based on the analysis such that the
build system can generate the final packages.
The
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-populate_sysroot'><filename>do_populate_sysroot</filename></ulink>
task stages (copies) a subset of the files installed by
the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-install'><filename>do_install</filename></ulink>
task into the appropriate sysroot.
Working, staged, and intermediate results of the analysis
and package splitting process use several areas:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PKGD'><filename>PKGD</filename></ulink>:
The destination directory
(i.e. <filename>package</filename>) for packages
before they are split into individual packages.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PKGDESTWORK'><filename>PKGDESTWORK</filename></ulink>:
A temporary work area (i.e.
<filename>pkgdata</filename>) used by the
<filename>do_package</filename> task to save
package metadata.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PKGDEST'><filename>PKGDEST</filename></ulink>:
The parent directory (i.e.
<filename>packages-split</filename>) for packages
after they have been split.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PKGDATA_DIR'><filename>PKGDATA_DIR</filename></ulink>:
A shared, global-state directory that holds
packaging metadata generated during the packaging
process.
The packaging process copies metadata from
<filename>PKGDESTWORK</filename> to the
<filename>PKGDATA_DIR</filename> area where it
becomes globally available.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-STAGING_DIR_HOST'><filename>STAGING_DIR_HOST</filename></ulink>:
The path for the sysroot for the system on which
a component is built to run (i.e.
<filename>recipe-sysroot</filename>).
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-STAGING_DIR_NATIVE'><filename>STAGING_DIR_NATIVE</filename></ulink>:
The path for the sysroot used when building
components for the build host (i.e.
<filename>recipe-sysroot-native</filename>).
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-STAGING_DIR_TARGET'><filename>STAGING_DIR_TARGET</filename></ulink>:
The path for the sysroot used when a component that
is built to execute on a system and it generates
code for yet another machine (e.g. cross-canadian
recipes).
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
The
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-FILES'><filename>FILES</filename></ulink>
variable defines the files that go into each package in
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PACKAGES'><filename>PACKAGES</filename></ulink>.
If you want details on how this is accomplished, you can
look at
<ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;/cgit/cgit.cgi/poky/tree/meta/classes/package.bbclass'><filename>package.bbclass</filename></ulink>.
</para>
<para>
Depending on the type of packages being created (RPM, DEB,
or IPK), the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-package_write_deb'><filename>do_package_write_*</filename></ulink>
task creates the actual packages and places them in the
Package Feed area, which is
<filename>${TMPDIR}/deploy</filename>.
You can see the
"<link linkend='package-feeds-dev-environment'>Package Feeds</link>"
section for more detail on that part of the build process.
<note>
Support for creating feeds directly from the
<filename>deploy/*</filename> directories does not
exist.
Creating such feeds usually requires some kind of feed
maintenance mechanism that would upload the new
packages into an official package feed (e.g. the
Ångström distribution).
This functionality is highly distribution-specific
and thus is not provided out of the box.
</note>
</para>
</section>
<section id='image-generation-dev-environment'>
<title>Image Generation</title>
<para>
Once packages are split and stored in the Package Feeds
area, the build system uses BitBake to generate the root
filesystem image:
<imagedata fileref="figures/image-generation.png" align="center" width="7.5in" depth="7.5in" />
</para>
<para>
The image generation process consists of several stages and
depends on several tasks and variables.
The
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-rootfs'><filename>do_rootfs</filename></ulink>
task creates the root filesystem (file and directory
structure) for an image.
This task uses several key variables to help create the
list of packages to actually install:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-IMAGE_INSTALL'><filename>IMAGE_INSTALL</filename></ulink>:
Lists out the base set of packages from which to
install from the Package Feeds area.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PACKAGE_EXCLUDE'><filename>PACKAGE_EXCLUDE</filename></ulink>:
Specifies packages that should not be installed
into the image.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-IMAGE_FEATURES'><filename>IMAGE_FEATURES</filename></ulink>:
Specifies features to include in the image.
Most of these features map to additional packages
for installation.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PACKAGE_CLASSES'><filename>PACKAGE_CLASSES</filename></ulink>:
Specifies the package backend (e.g. RPM, DEB, or
IPK) to use and consequently helps determine where
to locate packages within the Package Feeds area.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-IMAGE_LINGUAS'><filename>IMAGE_LINGUAS</filename></ulink>:
Determines the language(s) for which additional
language support packages are installed.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PACKAGE_INSTALL'><filename>PACKAGE_INSTALL</filename></ulink>:
The final list of packages passed to the package
manager for installation into the image.
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
<para>
With
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-IMAGE_ROOTFS'><filename>IMAGE_ROOTFS</filename></ulink>
pointing to the location of the filesystem under
construction and the <filename>PACKAGE_INSTALL</filename>
variable providing the final list of packages to install,
the root file system is created.
</para>
<para>
Package installation is under control of the package
manager (e.g. dnf/rpm, opkg, or apt/dpkg) regardless of
whether or not package management is enabled for the
target.
At the end of the process, if package management is not
enabled for the target, the package manager's data files
are deleted from the root filesystem.
As part of the final stage of package installation,
post installation scripts that are part of the packages
are run.
Any scripts that fail to run on the build host are run on
the target when the target system is first booted.
If you are using a
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#creating-a-read-only-root-filesystem'>read-only root filesystem</ulink>,
all the post installation scripts must succeed on the
build host during the package installation phase since the
root filesystem on the target is read-only.
</para>
<para>
The final stages of the <filename>do_rootfs</filename> task
handle post processing.
Post processing includes creation of a manifest file and
optimizations.
</para>
<para>
The manifest file (<filename>.manifest</filename>) resides
in the same directory as the root filesystem image.
This file lists out, line-by-line, the installed packages.
The manifest file is useful for the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-classes-testimage*'><filename>testimage</filename></ulink>
class, for example, to determine whether or not to run
specific tests.
See the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-IMAGE_MANIFEST'><filename>IMAGE_MANIFEST</filename></ulink>
variable for additional information.
</para>
<para>
Optimizing processes that are run across the image include
<filename>mklibs</filename>, <filename>prelink</filename>,
and any other post-processing commands as defined by the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-ROOTFS_POSTPROCESS_COMMAND'><filename>ROOTFS_POSTPROCESS_COMMAND</filename></ulink>
variable.
The <filename>mklibs</filename> process optimizes the size
of the libraries, while the <filename>prelink</filename>
process optimizes the dynamic linking of shared libraries
to reduce start up time of executables.
</para>
<para>
After the root filesystem is built, processing begins on
the image through the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-image'><filename>do_image</filename></ulink>
task.
The build system runs any pre-processing commands as
defined by the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-IMAGE_PREPROCESS_COMMAND'><filename>IMAGE_PREPROCESS_COMMAND</filename></ulink>
variable.
This variable specifies a list of functions to call before
the build system creates the final image output files.
</para>
<para>
The build system dynamically creates
<filename>do_image_*</filename> tasks as needed, based
on the image types specified in the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-IMAGE_FSTYPES'><filename>IMAGE_FSTYPES</filename></ulink>
variable.
The process turns everything into an image file or a set of
image files and can compress the root filesystem image to
reduce the overall size of the image.
The formats used for the root filesystem depend on the
<filename>IMAGE_FSTYPES</filename> variable.
Compression depends on whether the formats support
compression.
</para>
<para>
As an example, a dynamically created task when creating a
particular image <replaceable>type</replaceable> would
take the following form:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
do_image_<replaceable>type</replaceable>
</literallayout>
So, if the <replaceable>type</replaceable> as specified by
the <filename>IMAGE_FSTYPES</filename> were
<filename>ext4</filename>, the dynamically generated task
would be as follows:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
do_image_ext4
</literallayout>
</para>
<para>
The final task involved in image creation is the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-image-complete'><filename>do_image_complete</filename></ulink>
task.
This task completes the image by applying any image
post processing as defined through the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-IMAGE_POSTPROCESS_COMMAND'><filename>IMAGE_POSTPROCESS_COMMAND</filename></ulink>
variable.
The variable specifies a list of functions to call once the
build system has created the final image output files.
<note>
The entire image generation process is run under
<link linkend='fakeroot-and-pseudo'>Pseudo</link>.
Running under Pseudo ensures that the files in the
root filesystem have correct ownership.
</note>
</para>
</section>
<section id='sdk-generation-dev-environment'>
<title>SDK Generation</title>
<para>
The OpenEmbedded build system uses BitBake to generate the
Software Development Kit (SDK) installer scripts for both
the standard SDK and the extensible SDK (eSDK):
</para>
<para>
<imagedata fileref="figures/sdk-generation.png" width="9in" align="center" />
<note>
For more information on the cross-development toolchain
generation, see the
"<link linkend='cross-development-toolchain-generation'>Cross-Development Toolchain Generation</link>"
section.
For information on advantages gained when building a
cross-development toolchain using the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-populate_sdk'><filename>do_populate_sdk</filename></ulink>
task, see the
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_SDK_URL;#sdk-building-an-sdk-installer'>Building an SDK Installer</ulink>"
section in the Yocto Project Application Development
and the Extensible Software Development Kit (eSDK)
manual.
</note>
</para>
<para>
Like image generation, the SDK script process consists of
several stages and depends on many variables.
The
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-populate_sdk'><filename>do_populate_sdk</filename></ulink>
and
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-populate_sdk_ext'><filename>do_populate_sdk_ext</filename></ulink>
tasks use these key variables to help create the list of
packages to actually install.
For information on the variables listed in the figure,
see the
"<link linkend='sdk-dev-environment'>Application Development SDK</link>"
section.
</para>
<para>
The <filename>do_populate_sdk</filename> task helps create
the standard SDK and handles two parts: a target part and a
host part.
The target part is the part built for the target hardware
and includes libraries and headers.
The host part is the part of the SDK that runs on the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SDKMACHINE'><filename>SDKMACHINE</filename></ulink>.
</para>
<para>
The <filename>do_populate_sdk_ext</filename> task helps
create the extensible SDK and handles host and target parts
differently than its counter part does for the standard SDK.
For the extensible SDK, the task encapsulates the build
system, which includes everything needed (host and target)
for the SDK.
</para>
<para>
Regardless of the type of SDK being constructed, the
tasks perform some cleanup after which a cross-development
environment setup script and any needed configuration files
are created.
The final output is the Cross-development
toolchain installation script (<filename>.sh</filename>
file), which includes the environment setup script.
</para>
</section>
<section id='stamp-files-and-the-rerunning-of-tasks'>
<title>Stamp Files and the Rerunning of Tasks</title>
<para>
For each task that completes successfully, BitBake writes a
stamp file into the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-STAMPS_DIR'><filename>STAMPS_DIR</filename></ulink>
directory.
The beginning of the stamp file's filename is determined
by the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-STAMP'><filename>STAMP</filename></ulink>
variable, and the end of the name consists of the task's
name and current
<link linkend='overview-checksums'>input checksum</link>.
<note>
This naming scheme assumes that
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BB_URL;#var-BB_SIGNATURE_HANDLER'><filename>BB_SIGNATURE_HANDLER</filename></ulink>
is "OEBasicHash", which is almost always the case in
current OpenEmbedded.
</note>
To determine if a task needs to be rerun, BitBake checks
if a stamp file with a matching input checksum exists
for the task.
If such a stamp file exists, the task's output is
assumed to exist and still be valid.
If the file does not exist, the task is rerun.
<note>
<para>The stamp mechanism is more general than the
shared state (sstate) cache mechanism described in the
"<link linkend='setscene-tasks-and-shared-state'>Setscene Tasks and Shared State</link>"
section.
BitBake avoids rerunning any task that has a valid
stamp file, not just tasks that can be accelerated
through the sstate cache.</para>
<para>However, you should realize that stamp files only
serve as a marker that some work has been done and that
these files do not record task output.
The actual task output would usually be somewhere in
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-TMPDIR'><filename>TMPDIR</filename></ulink>
(e.g. in some recipe's
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-WORKDIR'><filename>WORKDIR</filename></ulink>.)
What the sstate cache mechanism adds is a way to cache
task output that can then be shared between build
machines.</para>
</note>
Since <filename>STAMPS_DIR</filename> is usually a
subdirectory of <filename>TMPDIR</filename>, removing
<filename>TMPDIR</filename> will also remove
<filename>STAMPS_DIR</filename>, which means tasks will
properly be rerun to repopulate
<filename>TMPDIR</filename>.
</para>
<para>
If you want some task to always be considered "out of
date", you can mark it with the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BB_URL;#variable-flags'><filename>nostamp</filename></ulink>
varflag.
If some other task depends on such a task, then that
task will also always be considered out of date, which
might not be what you want.
</para>
<para>
For details on how to view information about a task's
signature, see the
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#dev-viewing-task-variable-dependencies'>Viewing Task Variable Dependencies</ulink>"
section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
</para>
</section>
<section id='setscene-tasks-and-shared-state'>
<title>Setscene Tasks and Shared State</title>
<para>
The description of tasks so far assumes that BitBake needs
to build everything and no available prebuilt objects
exist.
BitBake does support skipping tasks if prebuilt objects are
available.
These objects are usually made available in the form of a
shared state (sstate) cache.
<note>
For information on variables affecting sstate, see the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SSTATE_DIR'><filename>SSTATE_DIR</filename></ulink>
and
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SSTATE_MIRRORS'><filename>SSTATE_MIRRORS</filename></ulink>
variables.
</note>
</para>
<para>
The idea of a setscene task (i.e
<filename>do_</filename><replaceable>taskname</replaceable><filename>_setscene</filename>)
is a version of the task where
instead of building something, BitBake can skip to the end
result and simply place a set of files into specific
locations as needed.
In some cases, it makes sense to have a setscene task
variant (e.g. generating package files in the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-package_write_deb'><filename>do_package_write_*</filename></ulink>
task).
In other cases, it does not make sense (e.g. a
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-patch'><filename>do_patch</filename></ulink>
task or a
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-unpack'><filename>do_unpack</filename></ulink>
task) since the work involved would be equal to or greater
than the underlying task.
</para>
<para>
In the build system, the common tasks that have setscene
variants are
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-package'><filename>do_package</filename></ulink>,
<filename>do_package_write_*</filename>,
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-deploy'><filename>do_deploy</filename></ulink>,
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-packagedata'><filename>do_packagedata</filename></ulink>,
and
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-populate_sysroot'><filename>do_populate_sysroot</filename></ulink>.
Notice that these tasks represent most of the tasks whose
output is an end result.
</para>
<para>
The build system has knowledge of the relationship between
these tasks and other preceding tasks.
For example, if BitBake runs
<filename>do_populate_sysroot_setscene</filename> for
something, it does not make sense to run any of the
<filename>do_fetch</filename>,
<filename>do_unpack</filename>,
<filename>do_patch</filename>,
<filename>do_configure</filename>,
<filename>do_compile</filename>, and
<filename>do_install</filename> tasks.
However, if <filename>do_package</filename> needs to be
run, BitBake needs to run those other tasks.
</para>
<para>
It becomes more complicated if everything can come
from an sstate cache because some objects are simply
not required at all.
For example, you do not need a compiler or native tools,
such as quilt, if nothing exists to compile or patch.
If the <filename>do_package_write_*</filename> packages
are available from sstate, BitBake does not need the
<filename>do_package</filename> task data.
</para>
<para>
To handle all these complexities, BitBake runs in two
phases.
The first is the "setscene" stage.
During this stage, BitBake first checks the sstate cache
for any targets it is planning to build.
BitBake does a fast check to see if the object exists
rather than a complete download.
If nothing exists, the second phase, which is the setscene
stage, completes and the main build proceeds.
</para>
<para>
If objects are found in the sstate cache, the build system
works backwards from the end targets specified by the user.
For example, if an image is being built, the build system
first looks for the packages needed for that image and the
tools needed to construct an image.
If those are available, the compiler is not needed.
Thus, the compiler is not even downloaded.
If something was found to be unavailable, or the
download or setscene task fails, the build system then
tries to install dependencies, such as the compiler, from
the cache.
</para>
<para>
The availability of objects in the sstate cache is
handled by the function specified by the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BB_URL;#var-BB_HASHCHECK_FUNCTION'><filename>BB_HASHCHECK_FUNCTION</filename></ulink>
variable and returns a list of available objects.
The function specified by the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BB_URL;#var-BB_SETSCENE_DEPVALID'><filename>BB_SETSCENE_DEPVALID</filename></ulink>
variable is the function that determines whether a given
dependency needs to be followed, and whether for any given
relationship the function needs to be passed.
The function returns a True or False value.
</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id='images-dev-environment'>
<title>Images</title>
<para>
The images produced by the build system are compressed forms
of the root filesystem and are ready to boot on a target
device.
You can see from the
<link linkend='general-workflow-figure'>general workflow figure</link>
that BitBake output, in part, consists of images.
This section takes a closer look at this output:
<imagedata fileref="figures/images.png" align="center" width="5.5in" depth="5.5in" />
</para>
<note>
For a list of example images that the Yocto Project provides,
see the
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-images'>Images</ulink>"
chapter in the Yocto Project Reference Manual.
</note>
<para>
The build process writes images out to the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-directory'>Build Directory</ulink>
inside the
<filename>tmp/deploy/images/<replaceable>machine</replaceable>/</filename>
folder as shown in the figure.
This folder contains any files expected to be loaded on the
target device.
The
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-DEPLOY_DIR'><filename>DEPLOY_DIR</filename></ulink>
variable points to the <filename>deploy</filename> directory,
while the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE'><filename>DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE</filename></ulink>
variable points to the appropriate directory containing images
for the current configuration.
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
<replaceable>kernel-image</replaceable>:
A kernel binary file.
The
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-KERNEL_IMAGETYPE'><filename>KERNEL_IMAGETYPE</filename></ulink>
variable determines the naming scheme for the
kernel image file.
Depending on this variable, the file could begin with
a variety of naming strings.
The
<filename>deploy/images/</filename><replaceable>machine</replaceable>
directory can contain multiple image files for the
machine.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<replaceable>root-filesystem-image</replaceable>:
Root filesystems for the target device (e.g.
<filename>*.ext3</filename> or
<filename>*.bz2</filename> files).
The
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-IMAGE_FSTYPES'><filename>IMAGE_FSTYPES</filename></ulink>
variable determines the root filesystem image type.
The
<filename>deploy/images/</filename><replaceable>machine</replaceable>
directory can contain multiple root filesystems for the
machine.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<replaceable>kernel-modules</replaceable>:
Tarballs that contain all the modules built for the
kernel.
Kernel module tarballs exist for legacy purposes and
can be suppressed by setting the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-MODULE_TARBALL_DEPLOY'><filename>MODULE_TARBALL_DEPLOY</filename></ulink>
variable to "0".
The
<filename>deploy/images/</filename><replaceable>machine</replaceable>
directory can contain multiple kernel module tarballs
for the machine.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<replaceable>bootloaders</replaceable>:
If applicable to the target machine, bootloaders
supporting the image.
The <filename>deploy/images/</filename><replaceable>machine</replaceable>
directory can contain multiple bootloaders for the
machine.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<replaceable>symlinks</replaceable>:
The
<filename>deploy/images/</filename><replaceable>machine</replaceable>
folder contains a symbolic link that points to the
most recently built file for each machine.
These links might be useful for external scripts that
need to obtain the latest version of each file.
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</section>
<section id='sdk-dev-environment'>
<title>Application Development SDK</title>
<para>
In the
<link linkend='general-workflow-figure'>general workflow figure</link>,
the output labeled "Application Development SDK" represents an
SDK.
The SDK generation process differs depending on whether you
build an extensible SDK (e.g.
<filename>bitbake -c populate_sdk_ext</filename> <replaceable>imagename</replaceable>)
or a standard SDK (e.g.
<filename>bitbake -c populate_sdk</filename> <replaceable>imagename</replaceable>).
This section takes a closer look at this output:
<imagedata fileref="figures/sdk.png" align="center" width="9in" depth="7.25in" />
</para>
<para>
The specific form of this output is a set of files that
includes a self-extracting SDK installer
(<filename>*.sh</filename>), host and target manifest files,
and files used for SDK testing.
When the SDK installer file is run, it installs the SDK.
The SDK consists of a cross-development toolchain, a set of
libraries and headers, and an SDK environment setup script.
Running this installer essentially sets up your
cross-development environment.
You can think of the cross-toolchain as the "host"
part because it runs on the SDK machine.
You can think of the libraries and headers as the "target"
part because they are built for the target hardware.
The environment setup script is added so that you can
initialize the environment before using the tools.
</para>
<note><title>Notes</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
The Yocto Project supports several methods by which
you can set up this cross-development environment.
These methods include downloading pre-built SDK
installers or building and installing your own SDK
installer.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
For background information on cross-development
toolchains in the Yocto Project development
environment, see the
"<link linkend='cross-development-toolchain-generation'>Cross-Development Toolchain Generation</link>"
section.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
For information on setting up a cross-development
environment, see the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_SDK_URL;'>Yocto Project Application Development and the Extensible Software Development Kit (eSDK)</ulink>
manual.
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</note>
<para>
All the output files for an SDK are written to the
<filename>deploy/sdk</filename> folder inside the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-directory'>Build Directory</ulink>
as shown in the previous figure.
Depending on the type of SDK, several variables exist that help
configure these files.
The following list shows the variables associated with an
extensible SDK:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-DEPLOY_DIR'><filename>DEPLOY_DIR</filename></ulink>:
Points to the <filename>deploy</filename> directory.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SDK_EXT_TYPE'><filename>SDK_EXT_TYPE</filename></ulink>:
Controls whether or not shared state artifacts are
copied into the extensible SDK.
By default, all required shared state artifacts are
copied into the SDK.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SDK_INCLUDE_PKGDATA'><filename>SDK_INCLUDE_PKGDATA</filename></ulink>:
Specifies whether or not packagedata is included in the
extensible SDK for all recipes in the "world" target.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SDK_INCLUDE_TOOLCHAIN'><filename>SDK_INCLUDE_TOOLCHAIN</filename></ulink>:
Specifies whether or not the toolchain is included
when building the extensible SDK.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SDK_LOCAL_CONF_WHITELIST'><filename>SDK_LOCAL_CONF_WHITELIST</filename></ulink>:
A list of variables allowed through from the build
system configuration into the extensible SDK
configuration.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SDK_LOCAL_CONF_BLACKLIST'><filename>SDK_LOCAL_CONF_BLACKLIST</filename></ulink>:
A list of variables not allowed through from the build
system configuration into the extensible SDK
configuration.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SDK_INHERIT_BLACKLIST'><filename>SDK_INHERIT_BLACKLIST</filename></ulink>:
A list of classes to remove from the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-INHERIT'><filename>INHERIT</filename></ulink>
value globally within the extensible SDK configuration.
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
This next list, shows the variables associated with a standard
SDK:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-DEPLOY_DIR'><filename>DEPLOY_DIR</filename></ulink>:
Points to the <filename>deploy</filename> directory.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SDKMACHINE'><filename>SDKMACHINE</filename></ulink>:
Specifies the architecture of the machine on which the
cross-development tools are run to create packages for
the target hardware.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SDKIMAGE_FEATURES'><filename>SDKIMAGE_FEATURES</filename></ulink>:
Lists the features to include in the "target" part
of the SDK.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-TOOLCHAIN_HOST_TASK'><filename>TOOLCHAIN_HOST_TASK</filename></ulink>:
Lists packages that make up the host part of the SDK
(i.e. the part that runs on the
<filename>SDKMACHINE</filename>).
When you use
<filename>bitbake -c populate_sdk <replaceable>imagename</replaceable></filename>
to create the SDK, a set of default packages apply.
This variable allows you to add more packages.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-TOOLCHAIN_TARGET_TASK'><filename>TOOLCHAIN_TARGET_TASK</filename></ulink>:
Lists packages that make up the target part of the SDK
(i.e. the part built for the target hardware).
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SDKPATH'><filename>SDKPATH</filename></ulink>:
Defines the default SDK installation path offered by
the installation script.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SDK_HOST_MANIFEST'><filename>SDK_HOST_MANIFEST</filename></ulink>:
Lists all the installed packages that make up the host
part of the SDK.
This variable also plays a minor role for extensible
SDK development as well.
However, it is mainly used for the standard SDK.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SDK_TARGET_MANIFEST'><filename>SDK_TARGET_MANIFEST</filename></ulink>:
Lists all the installed packages that make up the
target part of the SDK.
This variable also plays a minor role for extensible
SDK development as well.
However, it is mainly used for the standard SDK.
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id="cross-development-toolchain-generation">
<title>Cross-Development Toolchain Generation</title>
<para>
The Yocto Project does most of the work for you when it comes to
creating
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#cross-development-toolchain'>cross-development toolchains</ulink>.
This section provides some technical background on how
cross-development toolchains are created and used.
For more information on toolchains, you can also see the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_SDK_URL;'>Yocto Project Application Development and the Extensible Software Development Kit (eSDK)</ulink>
manual.
</para>
<para>
In the Yocto Project development environment, cross-development
toolchains are used to build images and applications that run
on the target hardware.
With just a few commands, the OpenEmbedded build system creates
these necessary toolchains for you.
</para>
<para>
The following figure shows a high-level build environment regarding
toolchain construction and use.
</para>
<para>
<imagedata fileref="figures/cross-development-toolchains.png" width="8in" depth="6in" align="center" />
</para>
<para>
Most of the work occurs on the Build Host.
This is the machine used to build images and generally work within
the the Yocto Project environment.
When you run
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#bitbake-term'>BitBake</ulink>
to create an image, the OpenEmbedded build system
uses the host <filename>gcc</filename> compiler to bootstrap a
cross-compiler named <filename>gcc-cross</filename>.
The <filename>gcc-cross</filename> compiler is what BitBake uses to
compile source files when creating the target image.
You can think of <filename>gcc-cross</filename> simply as an
automatically generated cross-compiler that is used internally
within BitBake only.
<note>
The extensible SDK does not use
<filename>gcc-cross-canadian</filename> since this SDK
ships a copy of the OpenEmbedded build system and the sysroot
within it contains <filename>gcc-cross</filename>.
</note>
</para>
<para>
The chain of events that occurs when <filename>gcc-cross</filename> is
bootstrapped is as follows:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
gcc -> binutils-cross -> gcc-cross-initial -> linux-libc-headers -> glibc-initial -> glibc -> gcc-cross -> gcc-runtime
</literallayout>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
<filename>gcc</filename>:
The build host's GNU Compiler Collection (GCC).
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<filename>binutils-cross</filename>:
The bare minimum binary utilities needed in order to run
the <filename>gcc-cross-initial</filename> phase of the
bootstrap operation.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<filename>gcc-cross-initial</filename>:
An early stage of the bootstrap process for creating
the cross-compiler.
This stage builds enough of the <filename>gcc-cross</filename>,
the C library, and other pieces needed to finish building the
final cross-compiler in later stages.
This tool is a "native" package (i.e. it is designed to run on
the build host).
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<filename>linux-libc-headers</filename>:
Headers needed for the cross-compiler.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<filename>glibc-initial</filename>:
An initial version of the Embedded GNU C Library
(GLIBC) needed to bootstrap <filename>glibc</filename>.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<filename>glibc</filename>:
The GNU C Library.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<filename>gcc-cross</filename>:
The final stage of the bootstrap process for the
cross-compiler.
This stage results in the actual cross-compiler that
BitBake uses when it builds an image for a targeted
device.
<note>
If you are replacing this cross compiler toolchain
with a custom version, you must replace
<filename>gcc-cross</filename>.
</note>
This tool is also a "native" package (i.e. it is
designed to run on the build host).
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<filename>gcc-runtime</filename>:
Runtime libraries resulting from the toolchain bootstrapping
process.
This tool produces a binary that consists of the
runtime libraries need for the targeted device.
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
<para>
You can use the OpenEmbedded build system to build an installer for
the relocatable SDK used to develop applications.
When you run the installer, it installs the toolchain, which
contains the development tools (e.g.,
<filename>gcc-cross-canadian</filename>,
<filename>binutils-cross-canadian</filename>, and other
<filename>nativesdk-*</filename> tools),
which are tools native to the SDK (i.e. native to
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SDK_ARCH'><filename>SDK_ARCH</filename></ulink>),
you need to cross-compile and test your software.
The figure shows the commands you use to easily build out this
toolchain.
This cross-development toolchain is built to execute on the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SDKMACHINE'><filename>SDKMACHINE</filename></ulink>,
which might or might not be the same
machine as the Build Host.
<note>
If your target architecture is supported by the Yocto Project,
you can take advantage of pre-built images that ship with the
Yocto Project and already contain cross-development toolchain
installers.
</note>
</para>
<para>
Here is the bootstrap process for the relocatable toolchain:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
gcc -> binutils-crosssdk -> gcc-crosssdk-initial -> linux-libc-headers ->
glibc-initial -> nativesdk-glibc -> gcc-crosssdk -> gcc-cross-canadian
</literallayout>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
<filename>gcc</filename>:
The build host's GNU Compiler Collection (GCC).
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<filename>binutils-crosssdk</filename>:
The bare minimum binary utilities needed in order to run
the <filename>gcc-crosssdk-initial</filename> phase of the
bootstrap operation.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<filename>gcc-crosssdk-initial</filename>:
An early stage of the bootstrap process for creating
the cross-compiler.
This stage builds enough of the
<filename>gcc-crosssdk</filename> and supporting pieces so that
the final stage of the bootstrap process can produce the
finished cross-compiler.
This tool is a "native" binary that runs on the build host.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<filename>linux-libc-headers</filename>:
Headers needed for the cross-compiler.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<filename>glibc-initial</filename>:
An initial version of the Embedded GLIBC needed to bootstrap
<filename>nativesdk-glibc</filename>.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<filename>nativesdk-glibc</filename>:
The Embedded GLIBC needed to bootstrap the
<filename>gcc-crosssdk</filename>.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<filename>gcc-crosssdk</filename>:
The final stage of the bootstrap process for the
relocatable cross-compiler.
The <filename>gcc-crosssdk</filename> is a transitory
compiler and never leaves the build host.
Its purpose is to help in the bootstrap process to create
the eventual <filename>gcc-cross-canadian</filename>
compiler, which is relocatable.
This tool is also a "native" package (i.e. it is
designed to run on the build host).
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<filename>gcc-cross-canadian</filename>:
The final relocatable cross-compiler.
When run on the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SDKMACHINE'><filename>SDKMACHINE</filename></ulink>,
this tool
produces executable code that runs on the target device.
Only one cross-canadian compiler is produced per architecture
since they can be targeted at different processor optimizations
using configurations passed to the compiler through the
compile commands.
This circumvents the need for multiple compilers and thus
reduces the size of the toolchains.
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
<note>
For information on advantages gained when building a
cross-development toolchain installer, see the
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_SDK_URL;#sdk-building-an-sdk-installer'>Building an SDK Installer</ulink>"
appendix in the Yocto Project Application Development and the
Extensible Software Development Kit (eSDK) manual.
</note>
</section>
<section id="shared-state-cache">
<title>Shared State Cache</title>
<para>
By design, the OpenEmbedded build system builds everything from
scratch unless
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#bitbake-term'>BitBake</ulink>
can determine that parts do not need to be rebuilt.
Fundamentally, building from scratch is attractive as it means all
parts are built fresh and no possibility of stale data exists that
can cause problems.
When developers hit problems, they typically default back to
building from scratch so they have a know state from the
start.
</para>
<para>
Building an image from scratch is both an advantage and a
disadvantage to the process.
As mentioned in the previous paragraph, building from scratch
ensures that everything is current and starts from a known state.
However, building from scratch also takes much longer as it
generally means rebuilding things that do not necessarily need
to be rebuilt.
</para>
<para>
The Yocto Project implements shared state code that supports
incremental builds.
The implementation of the shared state code answers the following
questions that were fundamental roadblocks within the OpenEmbedded
incremental build support system:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
What pieces of the system have changed and what pieces have
not changed?
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
How are changed pieces of software removed and replaced?
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
How are pre-built components that do not need to be rebuilt
from scratch used when they are available?
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
<para>
For the first question, the build system detects changes in the
"inputs" to a given task by creating a checksum (or signature) of
the task's inputs.
If the checksum changes, the system assumes the inputs have changed
and the task needs to be rerun.
For the second question, the shared state (sstate) code tracks
which tasks add which output to the build process.
This means the output from a given task can be removed, upgraded
or otherwise manipulated.
The third question is partly addressed by the solution for the
second question assuming the build system can fetch the sstate
objects from remote locations and install them if they are deemed
to be valid.
<note><title>Notes</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
The build system does not maintain
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PR'><filename>PR</filename></ulink>
information as part of the shared state packages.
Consequently, considerations exist that affect
maintaining shared state feeds.
For information on how the build system works with
packages and can track incrementing
<filename>PR</filename> information, see the
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#automatically-incrementing-a-binary-package-revision-number'>Automatically Incrementing a Binary Package Revision Number</ulink>"
section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
The code in the build system that supports incremental
builds is not simple code.
For techniques that help you work around issues related
to shared state code, see the
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#dev-viewing-metadata-used-to-create-the-input-signature-of-a-shared-state-task'>Viewing Metadata Used to Create the Input Signature of a Shared State Task</ulink>"
and
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#dev-invalidating-shared-state-to-force-a-task-to-run'>Invalidating Shared State to Force a Task to Run</ulink>"
sections both in the Yocto Project Development Tasks
Manual.
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</note>
</para>
<para>
The rest of this section goes into detail about the overall
incremental build architecture, the checksums (signatures), and
shared state.
</para>
<section id='concepts-overall-architecture'>
<title>Overall Architecture</title>
<para>
When determining what parts of the system need to be built,
BitBake works on a per-task basis rather than a per-recipe
basis.
You might wonder why using a per-task basis is preferred over
a per-recipe basis.
To help explain, consider having the IPK packaging backend
enabled and then switching to DEB.
In this case, the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-install'><filename>do_install</filename></ulink>
and
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-package'><filename>do_package</filename></ulink>
task outputs are still valid.
However, with a per-recipe approach, the build would not
include the <filename>.deb</filename> files.
Consequently, you would have to invalidate the whole build and
rerun it.
Rerunning everything is not the best solution.
Also, in this case, the core must be "taught" much about
specific tasks.
This methodology does not scale well and does not allow users
to easily add new tasks in layers or as external recipes
without touching the packaged-staging core.
</para>
</section>
<section id='overview-checksums'>
<title>Checksums (Signatures)</title>
<para>
The shared state code uses a checksum, which is a unique
signature of a task's inputs, to determine if a task needs to
be run again.
Because it is a change in a task's inputs that triggers a
rerun, the process needs to detect all the inputs to a given
task.
For shell tasks, this turns out to be fairly easy because
the build process generates a "run" shell script for each task
and it is possible to create a checksum that gives you a good
idea of when the task's data changes.
</para>
<para>
To complicate the problem, there are things that should not be
included in the checksum.
First, there is the actual specific build path of a given
task - the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-WORKDIR'><filename>WORKDIR</filename></ulink>.
It does not matter if the work directory changes because it
should not affect the output for target packages.
Also, the build process has the objective of making native
or cross packages relocatable.
<note>
Both native and cross packages run on the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#hardware-build-system-term'>build host</ulink>.
However, cross packages generate output for the target
architecture.
</note>
The checksum therefore needs to exclude
<filename>WORKDIR</filename>.
The simplistic approach for excluding the work directory is to
set <filename>WORKDIR</filename> to some fixed value and
create the checksum for the "run" script.
</para>
<para>
Another problem results from the "run" scripts containing
functions that might or might not get called.
The incremental build solution contains code that figures out
dependencies between shell functions.
This code is used to prune the "run" scripts down to the
minimum set, thereby alleviating this problem and making the
"run" scripts much more readable as a bonus.
</para>
<para>
So far, solutions for shell scripts exist.
What about Python tasks?
The same approach applies even though these tasks are more
difficult.
The process needs to figure out what variables a Python
function accesses and what functions it calls.
Again, the incremental build solution contains code that first
figures out the variable and function dependencies, and then
creates a checksum for the data used as the input to the task.
</para>
<para>
Like the <filename>WORKDIR</filename> case, situations exist
where dependencies should be ignored.
For these situations, you can instruct the build process to
ignore a dependency by using a line like the following:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
PACKAGE_ARCHS[vardepsexclude] = "MACHINE"
</literallayout>
This example ensures that the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PACKAGE_ARCHS'><filename>PACKAGE_ARCHS</filename></ulink>
variable does not depend on the value of
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-MACHINE'><filename>MACHINE</filename></ulink>,
even if it does reference it.
</para>
<para>
Equally, there are cases where you need to add dependencies
BitBake is not able to find.
You can accomplish this by using a line like the following:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
PACKAGE_ARCHS[vardeps] = "MACHINE"
</literallayout>
This example explicitly adds the <filename>MACHINE</filename>
variable as a dependency for
<filename>PACKAGE_ARCHS</filename>.
</para>
<para>
As an example, consider a case with in-line Python where
BitBake is not able to figure out dependencies.
When running in debug mode (i.e. using
<filename>-DDD</filename>), BitBake produces output when it
discovers something for which it cannot figure out dependencies.
The Yocto Project team has currently not managed to cover
those dependencies in detail and is aware of the need to fix
this situation.
</para>
<para>
Thus far, this section has limited discussion to the direct
inputs into a task.
Information based on direct inputs is referred to as the
"basehash" in the code.
However, the question of a task's indirect inputs still
exits - items already built and present in the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-directory'>Build Directory</ulink>.
The checksum (or signature) for a particular task needs to add
the hashes of all the tasks on which the particular task
depends.
Choosing which dependencies to add is a policy decision.
However, the effect is to generate a master checksum that
combines the basehash and the hashes of the task's
dependencies.
</para>
<para>
At the code level, a variety of ways exist by which both the
basehash and the dependent task hashes can be influenced.
Within the BitBake configuration file, you can give BitBake
some extra information to help it construct the basehash.
The following statement effectively results in a list of
global variable dependency excludes (i.e. variables never
included in any checksum):
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
BB_HASHBASE_WHITELIST ?= "TMPDIR FILE PATH PWD BB_TASKHASH BBPATH DL_DIR \
SSTATE_DIR THISDIR FILESEXTRAPATHS FILE_DIRNAME HOME LOGNAME SHELL TERM \
USER FILESPATH STAGING_DIR_HOST STAGING_DIR_TARGET COREBASE PRSERV_HOST \
PRSERV_DUMPDIR PRSERV_DUMPFILE PRSERV_LOCKDOWN PARALLEL_MAKE \
CCACHE_DIR EXTERNAL_TOOLCHAIN CCACHE CCACHE_DISABLE LICENSE_PATH SDKPKGSUFFIX"
</literallayout>
The previous example excludes
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-WORKDIR'><filename>WORKDIR</filename></ulink>
since that variable is actually constructed as a path within
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-TMPDIR'><filename>TMPDIR</filename></ulink>,
which is on the whitelist.
</para>
<para>
The rules for deciding which hashes of dependent tasks to
include through dependency chains are more complex and are
generally accomplished with a Python function.
The code in <filename>meta/lib/oe/sstatesig.py</filename> shows
two examples of this and also illustrates how you can insert
your own policy into the system if so desired.
This file defines the two basic signature generators
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#oe-core'>OE-Core</ulink>
uses: "OEBasic" and "OEBasicHash".
By default, a dummy "noop" signature handler is enabled
in BitBake.
This means that behavior is unchanged from previous versions.
OE-Core uses the "OEBasicHash" signature handler by default
through this setting in the <filename>bitbake.conf</filename>
file:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
BB_SIGNATURE_HANDLER ?= "OEBasicHash"
</literallayout>
The "OEBasicHash" <filename>BB_SIGNATURE_HANDLER</filename>
is the same as the "OEBasic" version but adds the task hash to
the
<link linkend='stamp-files-and-the-rerunning-of-tasks'>stamp files</link>.
This results in any metadata change that changes the task hash,
automatically causing the task to be run again.
This removes the need to bump
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PR'><filename>PR</filename></ulink>
values, and changes to metadata automatically ripple across
the build.
</para>
<para>
It is also worth noting that the end result of these
signature generators is to make some dependency and hash
information available to the build.
This information includes:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
<filename>BB_BASEHASH_task-</filename><replaceable>taskname</replaceable>:
The base hashes for each task in the recipe.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<filename>BB_BASEHASH_</filename><replaceable>filename</replaceable><filename>:</filename><replaceable>taskname</replaceable>:
The base hashes for each dependent task.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<filename>BBHASHDEPS_</filename><replaceable>filename</replaceable><filename>:</filename><replaceable>taskname</replaceable>:
The task dependencies for each task.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<filename>BB_TASKHASH</filename>:
The hash of the currently running task.
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</section>
<section id='shared-state'>
<title>Shared State</title>
<para>
Checksums and dependencies, as discussed in the previous
section, solve half the problem of supporting a shared state.
The other half of the problem is being able to use checksum
information during the build and being able to reuse or rebuild
specific components.
</para>
<para>
The
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-classes-sstate'><filename>sstate</filename></ulink>
class is a relatively generic implementation of how to
"capture" a snapshot of a given task.
The idea is that the build process does not care about the
source of a task's output.
Output could be freshly built or it could be downloaded and
unpacked from somewhere.
In other words, the build process does not need to worry about
its origin.
</para>
<para>
Two types of output exist.
One type is just about creating a directory in
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-WORKDIR'><filename>WORKDIR</filename></ulink>.
A good example is the output of either
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-install'><filename>do_install</filename></ulink>
or
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-package'><filename>do_package</filename></ulink>.
The other type of output occurs when a set of data is merged
into a shared directory tree such as the sysroot.
</para>
<para>
The Yocto Project team has tried to keep the details of the
implementation hidden in <filename>sstate</filename> class.
From a user's perspective, adding shared state wrapping to a
task is as simple as this
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-deploy'><filename>do_deploy</filename></ulink>
example taken from the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-classes-deploy'><filename>deploy</filename></ulink>
class:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
DEPLOYDIR = "${WORKDIR}/deploy-${PN}"
SSTATETASKS += "do_deploy"
do_deploy[sstate-inputdirs] = "${DEPLOYDIR}"
do_deploy[sstate-outputdirs] = "${DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE}"
python do_deploy_setscene () {
sstate_setscene(d)
}
addtask do_deploy_setscene
do_deploy[dirs] = "${DEPLOYDIR} ${B}"
do_deploy[stamp-extra-info] = "${MACHINE_ARCH}"
</literallayout>
The following list explains the previous example:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
Adding "do_deploy" to <filename>SSTATETASKS</filename>
adds some required sstate-related processing, which is
implemented in the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-classes-sstate'><filename>sstate</filename></ulink>
class, to before and after the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-deploy'><filename>do_deploy</filename></ulink>
task.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
The
<filename>do_deploy[sstate-inputdirs] = "${DEPLOYDIR}"</filename>
declares that <filename>do_deploy</filename> places its
output in <filename>${DEPLOYDIR}</filename> when run
normally (i.e. when not using the sstate cache).
This output becomes the input to the shared state cache.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
The
<filename>do_deploy[sstate-outputdirs] = "${DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE}"</filename>
line causes the contents of the shared state cache to be
copied to <filename>${DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE}</filename>.
<note>
If <filename>do_deploy</filename> is not already in
the shared state cache or if its input checksum
(signature) has changed from when the output was
cached, the task runs to populate the shared
state cache, after which the contents of the shared
state cache is copied to
<filename>${DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE}</filename>.
If <filename>do_deploy</filename> is in the shared
state cache and its signature indicates that the
cached output is still valid (i.e. if no
relevant task inputs have changed), then the
contents of the shared state cache copies
directly to
<filename>${DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE}</filename> by the
<filename>do_deploy_setscene</filename> task
instead, skipping the
<filename>do_deploy</filename> task.
</note>
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
The following task definition is glue logic needed to
make the previous settings effective:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
python do_deploy_setscene () {
sstate_setscene(d)
}
addtask do_deploy_setscene
</literallayout>
<filename>sstate_setscene()</filename> takes the flags
above as input and accelerates the
<filename>do_deploy</filename> task through the
shared state cache if possible.
If the task was accelerated,
<filename>sstate_setscene()</filename> returns True.
Otherwise, it returns False, and the normal
<filename>do_deploy</filename> task runs.
For more information, see the
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BB_URL;#setscene'>setscene</ulink>"
section in the BitBake User Manual.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
The <filename>do_deploy[dirs] = "${DEPLOYDIR} ${B}"</filename>
line creates <filename>${DEPLOYDIR}</filename> and
<filename>${B}</filename> before the
<filename>do_deploy</filename> task runs, and also sets
the current working directory of
<filename>do_deploy</filename> to
<filename>${B}</filename>.
For more information, see the
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BB_URL;#variable-flags'>Variable Flags</ulink>"
section in the BitBake User Manual.
<note>
In cases where
<filename>sstate-inputdirs</filename> and
<filename>sstate-outputdirs</filename> would be the
same, you can use
<filename>sstate-plaindirs</filename>.
For example, to preserve the
<filename>${PKGD}</filename> and
<filename>${PKGDEST}</filename> output from the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-package'><filename>do_package</filename></ulink>
task, use the following:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
do_package[sstate-plaindirs] = "${PKGD} ${PKGDEST}"
</literallayout>
</note>
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
The <filename>do_deploy[stamp-extra-info] = "${MACHINE_ARCH}"</filename>
line appends extra metadata to the
<link linkend='stamp-files-and-the-rerunning-of-tasks'>stamp file</link>.
In this case, the metadata makes the task specific
to a machine's architecture.
See
"<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BB_URL;#ref-bitbake-tasklist'>The Task List</ulink>"
section in the BitBake User Manual for more
information on the <filename>stamp-extra-info</filename>
flag.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<filename>sstate-inputdirs</filename> and
<filename>sstate-outputdirs</filename> can also be used
with multiple directories.
For example, the following declares
<filename>PKGDESTWORK</filename> and
<filename>SHLIBWORK</filename> as shared state
input directories, which populates the shared state
cache, and <filename>PKGDATA_DIR</filename> and
<filename>SHLIBSDIR</filename> as the corresponding
shared state output directories:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
do_package[sstate-inputdirs] = "${PKGDESTWORK} ${SHLIBSWORKDIR}"
do_package[sstate-outputdirs] = "${PKGDATA_DIR} ${SHLIBSDIR}"
</literallayout>
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
These methods also include the ability to take a
lockfile when manipulating shared state directory
structures, for cases where file additions or removals
are sensitive:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
do_package[sstate-lockfile] = "${PACKAGELOCK}"
</literallayout>
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
<para>
Behind the scenes, the shared state code works by looking in
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SSTATE_DIR'><filename>SSTATE_DIR</filename></ulink>
and
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SSTATE_MIRRORS'><filename>SSTATE_MIRRORS</filename></ulink>
for shared state files.
Here is an example:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
SSTATE_MIRRORS ?= "\
file://.* http://someserver.tld/share/sstate/PATH;downloadfilename=PATH \n \
file://.* file:///some/local/dir/sstate/PATH"
</literallayout>
<note>
The shared state directory
(<filename>SSTATE_DIR</filename>) is organized into
two-character subdirectories, where the subdirectory
names are based on the first two characters of the hash.
If the shared state directory structure for a mirror has the
same structure as <filename>SSTATE_DIR</filename>, you must
specify "PATH" as part of the URI to enable the build system
to map to the appropriate subdirectory.
</note>
</para>
<para>
The shared state package validity can be detected just by
looking at the filename since the filename contains the task
checksum (or signature) as described earlier in this section.
If a valid shared state package is found, the build process
downloads it and uses it to accelerate the task.
</para>
<para>
The build processes use the <filename>*_setscene</filename>
tasks for the task acceleration phase.
BitBake goes through this phase before the main execution
code and tries to accelerate any tasks for which it can find
shared state packages.
If a shared state package for a task is available, the
shared state package is used.
This means the task and any tasks on which it is dependent
are not executed.
</para>
<para>
As a real world example, the aim is when building an IPK-based
image, only the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-package_write_ipk'><filename>do_package_write_ipk</filename></ulink>
tasks would have their shared state packages fetched and
extracted.
Since the sysroot is not used, it would never get extracted.
This is another reason why a task-based approach is preferred
over a recipe-based approach, which would have to install the
output from every task.
</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id='automatically-added-runtime-dependencies'>
<title>Automatically Added Runtime Dependencies</title>
<para>
The OpenEmbedded build system automatically adds common types of
runtime dependencies between packages, which means that you do not
need to explicitly declare the packages using
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-RDEPENDS'><filename>RDEPENDS</filename></ulink>.
Three automatic mechanisms exist (<filename>shlibdeps</filename>,
<filename>pcdeps</filename>, and <filename>depchains</filename>)
that handle shared libraries, package configuration (pkg-config)
modules, and <filename>-dev</filename> and
<filename>-dbg</filename> packages, respectively.
For other types of runtime dependencies, you must manually declare
the dependencies.
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
<filename>shlibdeps</filename>:
During the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-package'><filename>do_package</filename></ulink>
task of each recipe, all shared libraries installed by the
recipe are located.
For each shared library, the package that contains the
shared library is registered as providing the shared
library.
More specifically, the package is registered as providing
the
<ulink url='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soname'>soname</ulink>
of the library.
The resulting shared-library-to-package mapping
is saved globally in
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PKGDATA_DIR'><filename>PKGDATA_DIR</filename></ulink>
by the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-packagedata'><filename>do_packagedata</filename></ulink>
task.</para>
<para>Simultaneously, all executables and shared libraries
installed by the recipe are inspected to see what shared
libraries they link against.
For each shared library dependency that is found,
<filename>PKGDATA_DIR</filename> is queried to
see if some package (likely from a different recipe)
contains the shared library.
If such a package is found, a runtime dependency is added
from the package that depends on the shared library to the
package that contains the library.</para>
<para>The automatically added runtime dependency also
includes a version restriction.
This version restriction specifies that at least the
current version of the package that provides the shared
library must be used, as if
"<replaceable>package</replaceable> (>= <replaceable>version</replaceable>)"
had been added to <filename>RDEPENDS</filename>.
This forces an upgrade of the package containing the shared
library when installing the package that depends on the
library, if needed.</para>
<para>If you want to avoid a package being registered as
providing a particular shared library (e.g. because the library
is for internal use only), then add the library to
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PRIVATE_LIBS'><filename>PRIVATE_LIBS</filename></ulink>
inside the package's recipe.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<filename>pcdeps</filename>:
During the <filename>do_package</filename> task of each
recipe, all pkg-config modules
(<filename>*.pc</filename> files) installed by the recipe
are located.
For each module, the package that contains the module is
registered as providing the module.
The resulting module-to-package mapping is saved globally in
<filename>PKGDATA_DIR</filename> by the
<filename>do_packagedata</filename> task.</para>
<para>Simultaneously, all pkg-config modules installed by
the recipe are inspected to see what other pkg-config
modules they depend on.
A module is seen as depending on another module if it
contains a "Requires:" line that specifies the other module.
For each module dependency,
<filename>PKGDATA_DIR</filename> is queried to see if some
package contains the module.
If such a package is found, a runtime dependency is added
from the package that depends on the module to the package
that contains the module.
<note>
The <filename>pcdeps</filename> mechanism most often
infers dependencies between <filename>-dev</filename>
packages.
</note>
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<filename>depchains</filename>:
If a package <filename>foo</filename> depends on a package
<filename>bar</filename>, then <filename>foo-dev</filename>
and <filename>foo-dbg</filename> are also made to depend on
<filename>bar-dev</filename> and
<filename>bar-dbg</filename>, respectively.
Taking the <filename>-dev</filename> packages as an
example, the <filename>bar-dev</filename> package might
provide headers and shared library symlinks needed by
<filename>foo-dev</filename>, which shows the need
for a dependency between the packages.</para>
<para>The dependencies added by
<filename>depchains</filename> are in the form of
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-RRECOMMENDS'><filename>RRECOMMENDS</filename></ulink>.
<note>
By default, <filename>foo-dev</filename> also has an
<filename>RDEPENDS</filename>-style dependency on
<filename>foo</filename>, because the default value of
<filename>RDEPENDS_${PN}-dev</filename> (set in
<filename>bitbake.conf</filename>) includes
"${PN}".
</note></para>
<para>To ensure that the dependency chain is never broken,
<filename>-dev</filename> and <filename>-dbg</filename>
packages are always generated by default, even if the
packages turn out to be empty.
See the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-ALLOW_EMPTY'><filename>ALLOW_EMPTY</filename></ulink>
variable for more information.
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
<para>
The <filename>do_package</filename> task depends on the
<filename>do_packagedata</filename> task of each recipe in
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-DEPENDS'><filename>DEPENDS</filename></ulink>
through use of a
<filename>[</filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BB_URL;#variable-flags'><filename>deptask</filename></ulink><filename>]</filename>
declaration, which guarantees that the required
shared-library/module-to-package mapping information will be available
when needed as long as <filename>DEPENDS</filename> has been
correctly set.
</para>
</section>
<section id='fakeroot-and-pseudo'>
<title>Fakeroot and Pseudo</title>
<para>
Some tasks are easier to implement when allowed to perform certain
operations that are normally reserved for the root user (e.g.
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-install'><filename>do_install</filename></ulink>,
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-package_write_deb'><filename>do_package_write*</filename></ulink>,
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-rootfs'><filename>do_rootfs</filename></ulink>,
and
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-image'><filename>do_image*</filename></ulink>).
For example, the <filename>do_install</filename> task benefits
from being able to set the UID and GID of installed files to
arbitrary values.
</para>
<para>
One approach to allowing tasks to perform root-only operations
would be to require
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#bitbake-term'>BitBake</ulink>
to run as root.
However, this method is cumbersome and has security issues.
The approach that is actually used is to run tasks that benefit
from root privileges in a "fake" root environment.
Within this environment, the task and its child processes believe
that they are running as the root user, and see an internally
consistent view of the filesystem.
As long as generating the final output (e.g. a package or an image)
does not require root privileges, the fact that some earlier
steps ran in a fake root environment does not cause problems.
</para>
<para>
The capability to run tasks in a fake root environment is known as
"<ulink url='http://man.he.net/man1/fakeroot'>fakeroot</ulink>",
which is derived from the BitBake keyword/variable
flag that requests a fake root environment for a task.
</para>
<para>
In the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-system-term'>OpenEmbedded build system</ulink>,
the program that implements fakeroot is known as
<ulink url='https://www.yoctoproject.org/software-item/pseudo/'>Pseudo</ulink>.
Pseudo overrides system calls by using the environment variable
<filename>LD_PRELOAD</filename>, which results in the illusion
of running as root.
To keep track of "fake" file ownership and permissions resulting
from operations that require root permissions, Pseudo uses
an SQLite 3 database.
This database is stored in
<filename>${</filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-WORKDIR'><filename>WORKDIR</filename></ulink><filename>}/pseudo/files.db</filename>
for individual recipes.
Storing the database in a file as opposed to in memory
gives persistence between tasks and builds, which is not
accomplished using fakeroot.
<note><title>Caution</title>
If you add your own task that manipulates the same files or
directories as a fakeroot task, then that task also needs to
run under fakeroot.
Otherwise, the task cannot run root-only operations, and
cannot see the fake file ownership and permissions set by the
other task.
You need to also add a dependency on
<filename>virtual/fakeroot-native:do_populate_sysroot</filename>,
giving the following:
<literallayout class='monospaced'>
fakeroot do_mytask () {
...
}
do_mytask[depends] += "virtual/fakeroot-native:do_populate_sysroot"
</literallayout>
</note>
For more information, see the
<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BB_URL;#var-FAKEROOT'><filename>FAKEROOT*</filename></ulink>
variables in the BitBake User Manual.
You can also reference the
"<ulink url='https://github.com/wrpseudo/pseudo/wiki/WhyNotFakeroot'>Why Not Fakeroot?</ulink>"
article for background information on Fakeroot and Pseudo.
</para>
</section>
</chapter>
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