| #!/usr/bin/env python3 |
| |
| r""" |
| This module provides validation functions like valid_value(), valid_integer(), etc. |
| """ |
| |
| import datetime |
| import os |
| |
| import func_args as fa |
| import gen_cmd as gc |
| import gen_print as gp |
| |
| exit_on_error = False |
| |
| |
| def set_exit_on_error(value): |
| r""" |
| Set the exit_on_error value to either True or False. |
| |
| If exit_on_error is set, validation functions like valid_value() will exit the program on error instead |
| of returning False. |
| |
| Description of argument(s): |
| value Value to set global exit_on_error to. |
| """ |
| |
| global exit_on_error |
| exit_on_error = value |
| |
| |
| def get_var_name(var_name): |
| r""" |
| If var_name is not None, simply return its value. Otherwise, get the variable name of the first argument |
| used to call the validation function (e.g. valid, valid_integer, etc.) and return it. |
| |
| This function is designed solely for use by other functions in this file. |
| |
| Example: |
| |
| A programmer codes this: |
| |
| valid_value(last_name) |
| |
| Which results in the following call stack: |
| |
| valid_value(last_name) |
| -> get_var_name(var_name) |
| |
| In this example, this function will return "last_name". |
| |
| Example: |
| |
| err_msg = valid_value(last_name, var_name="some_other_name") |
| |
| Which results in the following call stack: |
| |
| valid_value(var_value, var_name="some_other_name") |
| -> get_var_name(var_name) |
| |
| In this example, this function will return "some_other_name". |
| |
| Description of argument(s): |
| var_name The name of the variable. |
| """ |
| |
| return var_name or gp.get_arg_name(0, 1, stack_frame_ix=3) |
| |
| |
| def process_error_message(error_message): |
| r""" |
| Process the error_message in the manner described below. |
| |
| This function is designed solely for use by other functions in this file. |
| |
| NOTE: A blank error_message means that there is no error. |
| |
| For the following explanations, assume the caller of this function is a function with the following |
| definition: |
| valid_value(var_value, valid_values=[], invalid_values=[], var_name=None): |
| |
| If the user of valid_value() is assigning the valid_value() return value to a variable, |
| process_error_message() will simply return the error_message. This mode of usage is illustrated by the |
| following example: |
| |
| error_message = valid_value(var1) |
| |
| This mode is useful for callers who wish to validate a variable and then decide for themselves what to do |
| with the error_message (e.g. raise(error_message), BuiltIn().fail(error_message), etc.). |
| |
| If the user of valid_value() is NOT assigning the valid_value() return value to a variable, |
| process_error_message() will behave as follows. |
| |
| First, if error_message is non-blank, it will be printed to stderr via a call to |
| gp.print_error_report(error_message). |
| |
| If exit_on_error is set: |
| - If the error_message is blank, simply return. |
| - If the error_message is non-blank, exit the program with a return code of 1. |
| |
| If exit_on_error is NOT set: |
| - If the error_message is blank, return True. |
| - If the error_message is non-blank, return False. |
| |
| Description of argument(s): |
| error_message An error message. |
| """ |
| |
| # Determine whether the caller's caller is assigning the result to a variable. |
| l_value = gp.get_arg_name(None, -1, stack_frame_ix=3) |
| if l_value: |
| return error_message |
| |
| if error_message == "": |
| if exit_on_error: |
| return |
| return True |
| |
| gp.print_error_report(error_message, stack_frame_ix=4) |
| if exit_on_error: |
| exit(1) |
| return False |
| |
| |
| # Note to programmers: All of the validation functions in this module should follow the same basic template: |
| # def valid_value(var_value, var1, var2, varn, var_name=None): |
| # |
| # error_message = "" |
| # if not valid: |
| # var_name = get_var_name(var_name) |
| # error_message += "The following variable is invalid because...:\n" |
| # error_message += gp.sprint_varx(var_name, var_value, gp.blank()) |
| # |
| # return process_error_message(error_message) |
| |
| |
| # The docstring header and footer will be added to each validation function's existing docstring. |
| docstring_header = r""" |
| Determine whether var_value is valid, construct an error_message and call |
| process_error_message(error_message). |
| |
| See the process_error_message() function defined in this module for a description of how error messages |
| are processed. |
| """ |
| |
| additional_args_docstring_footer = r""" |
| var_name The name of the variable whose value is passed in var_value. For the |
| general case, this argument is unnecessary as this function can figure |
| out the var_name. This is provided for Robot callers in which case, this |
| function lacks the ability to determine the variable name. |
| """ |
| |
| |
| def valid_type(var_value, required_type, var_name=None): |
| r""" |
| The variable value is valid if it is of the required type. |
| |
| Examples: |
| |
| valid_type(var1, int) |
| |
| valid_type(var1, (list, dict)) |
| |
| Description of argument(s): |
| var_value The value being validated. |
| required_type A type or a tuple of types (e.g. str, int, etc.). |
| """ |
| |
| error_message = "" |
| if type(required_type) is tuple: |
| if type(var_value) in required_type: |
| return process_error_message(error_message) |
| else: |
| if type(var_value) is required_type: |
| return process_error_message(error_message) |
| |
| # If we get to this point, the validation has failed. |
| var_name = get_var_name(var_name) |
| error_message += "Invalid variable type:\n" |
| error_message += gp.sprint_varx( |
| var_name, var_value, gp.blank() | gp.show_type() |
| ) |
| error_message += "\n" |
| error_message += gp.sprint_var(required_type) |
| |
| return process_error_message(error_message) |
| |
| |
| def valid_value(var_value, valid_values=[], invalid_values=[], var_name=None): |
| r""" |
| The variable value is valid if it is either contained in the valid_values list or if it is NOT contained |
| in the invalid_values list. If the caller specifies nothing for either of these 2 arguments, |
| invalid_values will be initialized to ['', None]. This is a good way to fail on variables which contain |
| blank values. |
| |
| It is illegal to specify both valid_values and invalid values. |
| |
| Example: |
| |
| var1 = '' |
| valid_value(var1) |
| |
| This code would fail because var1 is blank and the default value for invalid_values is ['', None]. |
| |
| Example: |
| var1 = 'yes' |
| valid_value(var1, valid_values=['yes', 'true']) |
| |
| This code would pass. |
| |
| Description of argument(s): |
| var_value The value being validated. |
| valid_values A list of valid values. The variable value must be equal to one of these |
| values to be considered valid. |
| invalid_values A list of invalid values. If the variable value is equal to any of |
| these, it is considered invalid. |
| """ |
| |
| error_message = "" |
| |
| # Validate this function's arguments. |
| len_valid_values = len(valid_values) |
| len_invalid_values = len(invalid_values) |
| if len_valid_values > 0 and len_invalid_values > 0: |
| error_message += "Programmer error - You must provide either an" |
| error_message += " invalid_values list or a valid_values" |
| error_message += " list but NOT both:\n" |
| error_message += gp.sprint_var(invalid_values) |
| error_message += gp.sprint_var(valid_values) |
| return process_error_message(error_message) |
| |
| error_message = valid_type(valid_values, list, var_name="valid_values") |
| if error_message: |
| return process_error_message(error_message) |
| |
| error_message = valid_type(invalid_values, list, var_name="invalid_values") |
| if error_message: |
| return process_error_message(error_message) |
| |
| if len_valid_values > 0: |
| # Processing the valid_values list. |
| if var_value in valid_values: |
| return process_error_message(error_message) |
| var_name = get_var_name(var_name) |
| error_message += "Invalid variable value:\n" |
| error_message += gp.sprint_varx( |
| var_name, var_value, gp.blank() | gp.verbose() | gp.show_type() |
| ) |
| error_message += "\n" |
| error_message += "It must be one of the following values:\n" |
| error_message += "\n" |
| error_message += gp.sprint_var( |
| valid_values, gp.blank() | gp.show_type() |
| ) |
| return process_error_message(error_message) |
| |
| if len_invalid_values == 0: |
| # Assign default value. |
| invalid_values = ["", None] |
| |
| # Assertion: We have an invalid_values list. Processing it now. |
| if var_value not in invalid_values: |
| return process_error_message(error_message) |
| |
| var_name = get_var_name(var_name) |
| error_message += "Invalid variable value:\n" |
| error_message += gp.sprint_varx( |
| var_name, var_value, gp.blank() | gp.verbose() | gp.show_type() |
| ) |
| error_message += "\n" |
| error_message += "It must NOT be any of the following values:\n" |
| error_message += "\n" |
| error_message += gp.sprint_var(invalid_values, gp.blank() | gp.show_type()) |
| return process_error_message(error_message) |
| |
| |
| def valid_range(var_value, lower=None, upper=None, var_name=None): |
| r""" |
| The variable value is valid if it is within the specified range. |
| |
| This function can be used with any type of operands where they can have a greater than/less than |
| relationship to each other (e.g. int, float, str). |
| |
| Description of argument(s): |
| var_value The value being validated. |
| lower The lower end of the range. If not None, the var_value must be greater |
| than or equal to lower. |
| upper The upper end of the range. If not None, the var_value must be less than |
| or equal to upper. |
| """ |
| |
| error_message = "" |
| if lower is None and upper is None: |
| return process_error_message(error_message) |
| if lower is None and var_value <= upper: |
| return process_error_message(error_message) |
| if upper is None and var_value >= lower: |
| return process_error_message(error_message) |
| if lower is not None and upper is not None: |
| if lower > upper: |
| var_name = get_var_name(var_name) |
| error_message += "Programmer error - the lower value is greater" |
| error_message += " than the upper value:\n" |
| error_message += gp.sprint_vars(lower, upper, fmt=gp.show_type()) |
| return process_error_message(error_message) |
| if lower <= var_value <= upper: |
| return process_error_message(error_message) |
| |
| var_name = get_var_name(var_name) |
| error_message += "The following variable is not within the expected" |
| error_message += " range:\n" |
| error_message += gp.sprint_varx(var_name, var_value, gp.show_type()) |
| error_message += "\n" |
| error_message += "range:\n" |
| error_message += gp.sprint_vars(lower, upper, fmt=gp.show_type(), indent=2) |
| return process_error_message(error_message) |
| |
| |
| def valid_integer(var_value, lower=None, upper=None, var_name=None): |
| r""" |
| The variable value is valid if it is an integer or can be interpreted as an integer (e.g. 7, "7", etc.). |
| |
| This function also calls valid_range to make sure the integer value is within the specified range (if |
| any). |
| |
| Description of argument(s): |
| var_value The value being validated. |
| lower The lower end of the range. If not None, the var_value must be greater |
| than or equal to lower. |
| upper The upper end of the range. If not None, the var_value must be less than |
| or equal to upper. |
| """ |
| |
| error_message = "" |
| var_name = get_var_name(var_name) |
| try: |
| var_value = int(str(var_value), 0) |
| except ValueError: |
| error_message += "Invalid integer value:\n" |
| error_message += gp.sprint_varx( |
| var_name, var_value, gp.blank() | gp.show_type() |
| ) |
| return process_error_message(error_message) |
| |
| # Check the range (if any). |
| if lower: |
| lower = int(str(lower), 0) |
| if upper: |
| upper = int(str(upper), 0) |
| error_message = valid_range(var_value, lower, upper, var_name=var_name) |
| |
| return process_error_message(error_message) |
| |
| |
| def valid_float(var_value, lower=None, upper=None, var_name=None): |
| r""" |
| The variable value is valid if it is a floating point value or can be interpreted as a floating point |
| value (e.g. 7.5, "7.5", etc.). |
| |
| This function also calls valid_range to make sure the float value is within the specified range (if any). |
| |
| Description of argument(s): |
| var_value The value being validated. |
| lower The lower end of the range. If not None, the var_value must be greater |
| than or equal to lower. |
| upper The upper end of the range. If not None, the var_value must be less than |
| or equal to upper. |
| """ |
| |
| error_message = "" |
| var_name = get_var_name(var_name) |
| try: |
| var_value = float(str(var_value)) |
| except ValueError: |
| error_message += "Invalid float value:\n" |
| error_message += gp.sprint_varx( |
| var_name, var_value, gp.blank() | gp.show_type() |
| ) |
| return process_error_message(error_message) |
| |
| # Check the range (if any). |
| if lower: |
| lower = float(str(lower)) |
| if upper: |
| upper = float(str(upper)) |
| error_message = valid_range(var_value, lower, upper, var_name=var_name) |
| |
| return process_error_message(error_message) |
| |
| |
| def valid_date_time(var_value, var_name=None): |
| r""" |
| The variable value is valid if it can be interpreted as a date/time (e.g. "14:49:49.981", "tomorrow", |
| etc.) by the linux date command. |
| |
| Description of argument(s): |
| var_value The value being validated. |
| """ |
| |
| error_message = "" |
| rc, out_buf = gc.shell_cmd( |
| "date -d '" + str(var_value) + "'", quiet=1, show_err=0, ignore_err=1 |
| ) |
| if rc: |
| var_name = get_var_name(var_name) |
| error_message += "Invalid date/time value:\n" |
| error_message += gp.sprint_varx( |
| var_name, var_value, gp.blank() | gp.show_type() |
| ) |
| return process_error_message(error_message) |
| |
| return process_error_message(error_message) |
| |
| |
| def valid_dir_path(var_value, var_name=None): |
| r""" |
| The variable value is valid if it contains the path of an existing directory. |
| |
| Description of argument(s): |
| var_value The value being validated. |
| """ |
| |
| error_message = "" |
| if not os.path.isdir(str(var_value)): |
| var_name = get_var_name(var_name) |
| error_message += "The following directory does not exist:\n" |
| error_message += gp.sprint_varx(var_name, var_value, gp.blank()) |
| |
| return process_error_message(error_message) |
| |
| |
| def valid_file_path(var_value, var_name=None): |
| r""" |
| The variable value is valid if it contains the path of an existing file. |
| |
| Description of argument(s): |
| var_value The value being validated. |
| """ |
| |
| error_message = "" |
| if not os.path.isfile(str(var_value)): |
| var_name = get_var_name(var_name) |
| error_message += "The following file does not exist:\n" |
| error_message += gp.sprint_varx(var_name, var_value, gp.blank()) |
| |
| return process_error_message(error_message) |
| |
| |
| def valid_path(var_value, var_name=None): |
| r""" |
| The variable value is valid if it contains the path of an existing file or directory. |
| |
| Description of argument(s): |
| var_value The value being validated. |
| """ |
| |
| error_message = "" |
| if not (os.path.isfile(str(var_value)) or os.path.isdir(str(var_value))): |
| var_name = get_var_name(var_name) |
| error_message += "Invalid path (file or directory does not exist):\n" |
| error_message += gp.sprint_varx(var_name, var_value, gp.blank()) |
| |
| return process_error_message(error_message) |
| |
| |
| def valid_list( |
| var_value, |
| valid_values=[], |
| invalid_values=[], |
| required_values=[], |
| fail_on_empty=False, |
| var_name=None, |
| ): |
| r""" |
| The variable value is valid if it is a list where each entry can be found in the valid_values list or if |
| none of its values can be found in the invalid_values list or if all of the values in the required_values |
| list can be found in var_value. |
| |
| The caller may only specify one of these 3 arguments: valid_values, invalid_values, required_values. |
| |
| Description of argument(s): |
| var_value The value being validated. |
| valid_values A list of valid values. Each element in the var_value list must be equal |
| to one of these values to be considered valid. |
| invalid_values A list of invalid values. If any element in var_value is equal to any of |
| the values in this argument, var_value is considered invalid. |
| required_values Every value in required_values must be found in var_value. Otherwise, |
| var_value is considered invalid. |
| fail_on_empty Indicates that an empty list for the variable value should be considered |
| an error. |
| """ |
| |
| error_message = "" |
| |
| # Validate this function's arguments. |
| if not ( |
| bool(len(valid_values)) |
| ^ bool(len(invalid_values)) |
| ^ bool(len(required_values)) |
| ): |
| error_message += "Programmer error - You must provide only one of the" |
| error_message += " following: valid_values, invalid_values," |
| error_message += " required_values.\n" |
| error_message += gp.sprint_var(invalid_values, gp.show_type()) |
| error_message += gp.sprint_var(valid_values, gp.show_type()) |
| error_message += gp.sprint_var(required_values, gp.show_type()) |
| return process_error_message(error_message) |
| |
| if type(var_value) is not list: |
| var_name = get_var_name(var_name) |
| error_message = valid_type(var_value, list, var_name=var_name) |
| if error_message: |
| return process_error_message(error_message) |
| |
| if fail_on_empty and len(var_value) == 0: |
| var_name = get_var_name(var_name) |
| error_message += "Invalid empty list:\n" |
| error_message += gp.sprint_varx(var_name, var_value, gp.show_type()) |
| return process_error_message(error_message) |
| |
| if len(required_values): |
| found_error = 0 |
| display_required_values = list(required_values) |
| for ix in range(0, len(required_values)): |
| if required_values[ix] not in var_value: |
| found_error = 1 |
| display_required_values[ix] = ( |
| str(display_required_values[ix]) + "*" |
| ) |
| if found_error: |
| var_name = get_var_name(var_name) |
| error_message += "The following list is invalid:\n" |
| error_message += gp.sprint_varx( |
| var_name, var_value, gp.blank() | gp.show_type() |
| ) |
| error_message += "\n" |
| error_message += "Because some of the values in the " |
| error_message += "required_values list are not present (see" |
| error_message += ' entries marked with "*"):\n' |
| error_message += "\n" |
| error_message += gp.sprint_varx( |
| "required_values", |
| display_required_values, |
| gp.blank() | gp.show_type(), |
| ) |
| error_message += "\n" |
| |
| return process_error_message(error_message) |
| |
| if len(invalid_values): |
| found_error = 0 |
| display_var_value = list(var_value) |
| for ix in range(0, len(var_value)): |
| if var_value[ix] in invalid_values: |
| found_error = 1 |
| display_var_value[ix] = str(var_value[ix]) + "*" |
| |
| if found_error: |
| var_name = get_var_name(var_name) |
| error_message += "The following list is invalid (see entries" |
| error_message += ' marked with "*"):\n' |
| error_message += gp.sprint_varx( |
| var_name, display_var_value, gp.blank() | gp.show_type() |
| ) |
| error_message += "\n" |
| error_message += gp.sprint_var(invalid_values, gp.show_type()) |
| return process_error_message(error_message) |
| |
| found_error = 0 |
| display_var_value = list(var_value) |
| for ix in range(0, len(var_value)): |
| if var_value[ix] not in valid_values: |
| found_error = 1 |
| display_var_value[ix] = str(var_value[ix]) + "*" |
| |
| if found_error: |
| var_name = get_var_name(var_name) |
| error_message += "The following list is invalid (see entries marked" |
| error_message += ' with "*"):\n' |
| error_message += gp.sprint_varx( |
| var_name, display_var_value, gp.blank() | gp.show_type() |
| ) |
| error_message += "\n" |
| error_message += gp.sprint_var(valid_values, gp.show_type()) |
| return process_error_message(error_message) |
| |
| return process_error_message(error_message) |
| |
| |
| def valid_dict( |
| var_value, |
| required_keys=[], |
| valid_values={}, |
| invalid_values={}, |
| var_name=None, |
| ): |
| r""" |
| The dictionary variable value is valid if it contains all required keys and each entry passes the |
| valid_value() call. |
| |
| Examples: |
| person_record = {'last_name': 'Jones', 'first_name': 'John'} |
| valid_values = {'last_name': ['Doe', 'Jones', 'Johnson'], 'first_name': ['John', 'Mary']} |
| invalid_values = {'last_name': ['Manson', 'Hitler', 'Presley'], 'first_name': ['Mickey', 'Goofy']} |
| |
| valid_dict(person_record, valid_values=valid_values) |
| valid_dict(person_record, invalid_values=invalid_values) |
| |
| Description of argument(s): |
| var_value The value being validated. |
| required_keys A list of keys which must be found in the dictionary for it to be |
| considered valid. |
| valid_values A dictionary whose entries correspond to the entries in var_value. Each |
| value in valid_values is itself a valid_values list for the corresponding |
| value in var_value. For any var_value[key] to be considered valid, its |
| value must be found in valid_values[key]. |
| |
| invalid_values A dictionary whose entries correspond to the entries in var_value. Each |
| value in invalid_values is itself an invalid_values list for the |
| corresponding value in var_value. For any var_value[key] to be |
| considered valid, its value must NOT be found in invalid_values[key]. |
| """ |
| |
| error_message = "" |
| missing_keys = list(set(required_keys) - set(var_value.keys())) |
| if len(missing_keys) > 0: |
| var_name = get_var_name(var_name) |
| error_message += "The following dictionary is invalid because it is" |
| error_message += " missing required keys:\n" |
| error_message += gp.sprint_varx( |
| var_name, var_value, gp.blank() | gp.show_type() |
| ) |
| error_message += "\n" |
| error_message += gp.sprint_var(missing_keys, gp.show_type()) |
| return process_error_message(error_message) |
| |
| var_name = get_var_name(var_name) |
| if len(valid_values): |
| keys = valid_values.keys() |
| error_message = valid_dict( |
| var_value, required_keys=keys, var_name=var_name |
| ) |
| if error_message: |
| return process_error_message(error_message) |
| for key, value in valid_values.items(): |
| key_name = " [" + key + "]" |
| sub_error_message = valid_value( |
| var_value[key], valid_values=value, var_name=key_name |
| ) |
| if sub_error_message: |
| error_message += ( |
| "The following dictionary is invalid because one of its" |
| " entries is invalid:\n" |
| ) |
| error_message += gp.sprint_varx( |
| var_name, var_value, gp.blank() | gp.show_type() |
| ) |
| error_message += "\n" |
| error_message += sub_error_message |
| return process_error_message(error_message) |
| |
| for key, value in invalid_values.items(): |
| if key not in var_value: |
| continue |
| key_name = " [" + key + "]" |
| sub_error_message = valid_value( |
| var_value[key], invalid_values=value, var_name=key_name |
| ) |
| if sub_error_message: |
| error_message += ( |
| "The following dictionary is invalid because one of its" |
| " entries is invalid:\n" |
| ) |
| error_message += gp.sprint_varx( |
| var_name, var_value, gp.blank() | gp.show_type() |
| ) |
| error_message += "\n" |
| error_message += sub_error_message |
| return process_error_message(error_message) |
| |
| return process_error_message(error_message) |
| |
| |
| def valid_program(var_value, var_name=None): |
| r""" |
| The variable value is valid if it contains the name of a program which can be located using the "which" |
| command. |
| |
| Description of argument(s): |
| var_value The value being validated. |
| """ |
| |
| error_message = "" |
| rc, out_buf = gc.shell_cmd( |
| "which " + var_value, quiet=1, show_err=0, ignore_err=1 |
| ) |
| if rc: |
| var_name = get_var_name(var_name) |
| error_message += "The following required program could not be found" |
| error_message += " using the $PATH environment variable:\n" |
| error_message += gp.sprint_varx(var_name, var_value, gp.blank()) |
| PATH = os.environ.get("PATH", "").split(":") |
| error_message += "\n" |
| error_message += gp.sprint_var(PATH) |
| return process_error_message(error_message) |
| |
| |
| def valid_length(var_value, min_length=None, max_length=None, var_name=None): |
| r""" |
| The variable value is valid if it is an object (e.g. list, dictionary) whose length is within the |
| specified range. |
| |
| Description of argument(s): |
| var_value The value being validated. |
| min_length The minimum length of the object. If not None, the length of var_value |
| must be greater than or equal to min_length. |
| max_length The maximum length of the object. If not None, the length of var_value |
| must be less than or equal to min_length. |
| """ |
| |
| error_message = "" |
| length = len(var_value) |
| error_message = valid_range(length, min_length, max_length) |
| if error_message: |
| var_name = get_var_name(var_name) |
| error_message = "The length of the following object is not within the" |
| error_message += " expected range:\n" |
| error_message += gp.sprint_vars(min_length, max_length) |
| error_message += gp.sprint_var(length) |
| error_message += gp.sprint_varx(var_name, var_value, gp.blank()) |
| error_message += "\n" |
| return process_error_message(error_message) |
| |
| return process_error_message(error_message) |
| |
| |
| # Modify selected function docstrings by adding headers/footers. |
| |
| func_names = [ |
| "valid_type", |
| "valid_value", |
| "valid_range", |
| "valid_integer", |
| "valid_dir_path", |
| "valid_file_path", |
| "valid_path", |
| "valid_list", |
| "valid_dict", |
| "valid_program", |
| "valid_length", |
| "valid_float", |
| "valid_date_time", |
| ] |
| |
| raw_doc_strings = {} |
| |
| for func_name in func_names: |
| cmd_buf = "raw_doc_strings['" + func_name + "'] = " + func_name |
| cmd_buf += ".__doc__" |
| exec(cmd_buf) |
| cmd_buf = func_name + ".__doc__ = docstring_header + " + func_name |
| cmd_buf += '.__doc__.rstrip(" \\n") + additional_args_docstring_footer' |
| exec(cmd_buf) |