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Andrew Geissleraf5e4ef2020-10-16 10:22:50 -05001.. SPDX-License-Identifier: CC-BY-SA-2.0-UK
Andrew Geisslerc9f78652020-09-18 14:11:35 -05002
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4What I wish I'd known about Yocto Project
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6
7|
8
9.. note::
10
11 Before reading further, make sure you've taken a look at the
12 :yocto_home:`Software Overview</software-overview>` page which presents the
13 definitions for many of the terms referenced here. Also, know that some of the
14 information here won't make sense now, but as you start developing, it is the
15 information you'll want to keep close at hand. These are best known methods for
16 working with Yocto Project and they are updated regularly.
17
18Using the Yocto Project is fairly easy, *until something goes wrong*. Without an
19understanding of how the build process works, you'll find yourself trying to
20troubleshoot "a black box". Here are a few items that new users wished they had
21known before embarking on their first build with Yocto Project. Feel free to
22contact us with other suggestions.
23
24#. **Use Git, not the tarball download:**
25 If you use git the software will be automatically updated with bug updates
26 because of how git works. If you download the tarball instead, you will need
27 to be responsible for your own updates.
28
29#. **Get to know the layer index:**
30 All layers can be found in the `layer index
31 <https://layers.openembedded.org/>`_. Layers which have applied for Yocto
32 Project Compatible status (structure continuity assurance and testing) can be
33 found in the :yocto_home:`Yocto Project Compatible index
34 </software-over/layer/>`. Generally check the Compatible layer index first,
35 and if you don't find the necessary layer check the general layer index. The
36 layer index is an original artifact from the Open Embedded Project. As such,
37 that index doesn't have the curating and testing that the Yocto Project
38 provides on Yocto Project Compatible layer list, but the latter has fewer
39 entries. Know that when you start searching in the layer index that not all
40 layers have the same level of maturity, validation, or usability. Nor do
41 searches prioritize displayed results. There is no easy way to help you
42 through the process of choosing the best layer to suit your needs.
43 Consequently, it is often trial and error, checking the mailing lists, or
44 working with other developers through collaboration rooms that can help you
45 make good choices.
46
47#. **Use existing BSP layers from silicon vendors when possible:**
48 Intel, TI, NXP and others have information on what BSP layers to use with
49 their silicon. These layers have names such as "meta-intel" or "meta-ti". Try
50 not to build layers from scratch. If you do have custom silicon, use one of
51 these layers as a guide or template and familiarize yourself with the
52 :doc:`bsp-guide/bsp-guide`.
53
54#. **Do not put everything into one layer:**
55 Use different layers to logically separate information in your build. As an
56 example, you could have a BSP layer, a GUI layer, a distro configuration,
57 middleware, or an application (e.g. "meta-filesystems", "meta-python",
58 "meta-intel", and so forth). Putting your entire build into one layer limits
59 and complicates future customization and reuse. Isolating information into
60 layers, on the other hand, helps keep simplify future customizations and
61 reuse.
62
63#. **Never modify the POKY layer. Never. Ever. When you update to the next
64 release, you'll lose all of your work. ALL OF IT.**
65
66#. **Don't be fooled by documentation searching results:**
67 Yocto Project documentation is always being updated. Unfortunately, when you
68 use Google to search for Yocto Project concepts or terms, Google consistently
69 searches and retrieves older versions of Yocto Project manuals. For example,
70 searching for a particular topic using Google could result in a "hit" on a
71 Yocto Project manual that is several releases old. To be sure that you are
72 using the most current Yocto Project documentation, use the drop-down menu at
73 the top of any of its page.
74
75 Many developers look through the :yocto_docs:`All-in-one 'Mega' Manual </singleindex.html>`
76 for a concept or term by doing a search through the whole page. This manual
77 is a concatenation of the core set of Yocto Project manual. Thus, a simple
78 string search using Ctrl-F in this manual produces all the "hits" for a
79 desired term or concept. Once you find the area in which you are
80 interested, you can display the actual manual, if desired. It is also
81 possible to use the search bar in the menu or in the left navigation pane.
82
83#. **Understand the basic concepts of how the build system works: the workflow:**
84 Understanding the Yocto Project workflow is important as it can help you both
85 pinpoint where trouble is occurring and how the build is breaking. The
86 workflow breaks down into the following steps:
87
88 #. Fetch – get the source code
89 #. Extract – unpack the sources
90 #. Patch – apply patches for bug fixes and new capability
91 #. Configure – set up your environment specifications
92 #. Build – compile and link
93 #. Install – copy files to target directories
94 #. Package – bundle files for installation
95
96 During "fetch", there may be an inability to find code. During "extract",
97 there is likely an invalid zip or something similar. In other words, the
98 function of a particular part of the workflow gives you an idea of what might
99 be going wrong.
100
101 .. image:: figures/yp-how-it-works-new-diagram.png
102
103#. **Know that you can generate a dependency graph and learn how to do it:**
104 A dependency graph shows dependencies between recipes, tasks, and targets.
105 You can use the "-g" option with BitBake to generate this graph. When you
106 start a build and the build breaks, you could see packages you have no clue
107 about or have any idea why the build system has included them. The
108 dependency graph can clarify that confusion. You can learn more about
109 dependency graphs and how to generate them in the
110 :ref:`bitbake-user-manual/bitbake-user-manual-intro:generating dependency
111 graphs` section in the BitBake User Manual.
112
113#. **Here's how you decode "magic" folder names in tmp/work:**
114 The build system fetches, unpacks, preprocesses, and builds. If something
115 goes wrong, the build system reports to you directly the path to a folder
116 where the temporary (build/tmp) files and packages reside resulting from the
117 build. For a detailed example of this process, see the :yocto_wiki:`example
118 </Cookbook:Example:Adding_packages_to_your_OS_image>`. Unfortunately this
119 example is on an earlier release of Yocto Project.
120
121 When you perform a build, you can use the "-u" BitBake command-line option to
122 specify a user interface viewer into the dependency graph (e.g. knotty,
123 ncurses, or taskexp) that helps you understand the build dependencies better.
124
125#. **You can build more than just images:**
126 You can build and run a specific task for a specific package (including
127 devshell) or even a single recipe. When developers first start using the
128 Yocto Project, the instructions found in the
129 :doc:`brief-yoctoprojectqs/brief-yoctoprojectqs` show how to create an image
130 and then run or flash that image. However, you can actually build just a
131 single recipe. Thus, if some dependency or recipe isn't working, you can just
132 say "bitbake foo" where "foo" is the name for a specific recipe. As you
133 become more advanced using the Yocto Project, and if builds are failing, it
134 can be useful to make sure the fetch itself works as desired. Here are some
135 valuable links: :ref:`dev-manual/dev-manual-common-tasks:Using a Development
136 Shell` for information on how to build and run a specific task using
137 devshell. Also, the :ref:`SDK manual shows how to build out a specific recipe
138 <sdk-devtool-use-devtool-modify-to-modify-the-source-of-an-existing-component>`.
139
140#. **An ambiguous definition: Package vs Recipe:**
141 A recipe contains instructions the build system uses to create
142 packages. Recipes and Packages are the difference between the front end and
143 the result of the build process.
144
145 As mentioned, the build system takes the recipe and creates packages from the
146 recipe's instructions. The resulting packages are related to the one thing
147 the recipe is building but are different parts (packages) of the build
148 (i.e. the main package, the doc package, the debug symbols package, the
149 separate utilities package, and so forth). The build system splits out the
150 packages so that you don't need to install the packages you don't want or
151 need, which is advantageous because you are building for small devices when
152 developing for embedded and IoT.
153
154#. **You will want to learn about and know what's packaged in rootfs.**
155
156#. **Create your own image recipe:**
157 There are a number of ways to create your own image recipe. We suggest you
158 create your own image recipe as opposed to appending an existing recipe. It
159 is trivial and easy to write an image recipe. Again, do not try appending to
160 an existing image recipe. Create your own and do it right from the start.
161
162#. **Finally, here is a list of the basic skills you will need as a systems
163 developer. You must be able to:**
164
165 * deal with corporate proxies
166 * add a package to an image
167 * understand the difference between a recipe and package
168 * build a package by itself and why that's useful
169 * find out what packages are created by a recipe
170 * find out what files are in a package
171 * find out what files are in an image
172 * add an ssh server to an image (enable transferring of files to target)
173 * know the anatomy of a recipe
174 * know how to create and use layers
175 * find recipes (with the `OpenEmbedded Layer index <https://layers.openembedded.org>`_)
176 * understand difference between machine and distro settings
177 * find and use the right BSP (machine) for your hardware
178 * find examples of distro features and know where to set them
179 * understanding the task pipeline and executing individual tasks
180 * understand devtool and how it simplifies your workflow
181 * improve build speeds with shared downloads and shared state cache
182 * generate and understand a dependency graph
183 * generate and understand bitbake environment
184 * build an Extensible SDK for applications development
185
186#. **Depending on what you primary interests are with the Yocto Project, you
187 could consider any of the following reading:**
188
189 * **Look Through the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual**: This manual
190 contains procedural information grouped to help you get set up, work with
191 layers, customize images, write new recipes, work with libraries, and use
192 QEMU. The information is task-based and spans the breadth of the Yocto
193 Project. See the :doc:`../dev-manual/dev-manual`.
194
195 * **Look Through the Yocto Project Application Development and the Extensible
196 Software Development Kit (eSDK) manual**: This manual describes how to use
197 both the standard SDK and the extensible SDK, which are used primarily for
198 application development. The :doc:`../sdk-manual/sdk-extensible` also provides
199 example workflows that use devtool. See the section
200 :ref:`sdk-manual/sdk-extensible:using \`\`devtool\`\` in your sdk workflow`
201 for more information.
202
203 * **Learn About Kernel Development**: If you want to see how to work with the
204 kernel and understand Yocto Linux kernels, see the :doc:`../kernel-dev/kernel-dev`.
205 This manual provides information on how to patch the kernel, modify kernel
206 recipes, and configure the kernel.
207
208 * **Learn About Board Support Packages (BSPs)**: If you want to learn about
209 BSPs, see the :doc:`../bsp-guide/bsp-guide`. This manual also provides an
210 example BSP creation workflow. See the :doc:`../bsp-guide/bsp` section.
211
212 * **Learn About Toaster**: Toaster is a web interface to the Yocto Project's
213 OpenEmbedded build system. If you are interested in using this type of
214 interface to create images, see the :doc:`../toaster-manual/toaster-manual`.
215
216 * **Have Available the Yocto Project Reference Manual**: Unlike the rest of
217 the Yocto Project manual set, this manual is comprised of material suited
218 for reference rather than procedures. You can get build details, a closer
219 look at how the pieces of the Yocto Project development environment work
220 together, information on various technical details, guidance on migrating
221 to a newer Yocto Project release, reference material on the directory
222 structure, classes, and tasks. The :doc:`../ref-manual/ref-manual` also
223 contains a fairly comprehensive glossary of variables used within the Yocto
224 Project.
225
226.. include:: /boilerplate.rst