|  | <!DOCTYPE chapter PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN" | 
|  | "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd" | 
|  | [<!ENTITY % poky SYSTEM "../poky.ent"> %poky; ] > | 
|  |  | 
|  | <chapter id='dev-manual-qemu'> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <title>Using the Quick EMUlator (QEMU)</title> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <para> | 
|  | The Yocto Project uses an implementation of the Quick EMUlator (QEMU) | 
|  | Open Source project as part of the Yocto Project development "tool | 
|  | set". | 
|  | This chapter provides both procedures that show you how to use the | 
|  | Quick EMUlator (QEMU) and other QEMU information helpful for | 
|  | development purposes. | 
|  | </para> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <section id='qemu-dev-overview'> | 
|  | <title>Overview</title> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <para> | 
|  | Within the context of the Yocto Project, QEMU is an | 
|  | emulator and virtualization machine that allows you to run a | 
|  | complete image you have built using the Yocto Project as just | 
|  | another task on your build system. | 
|  | QEMU is useful for running and testing images and applications on | 
|  | supported Yocto Project architectures without having actual | 
|  | hardware. | 
|  | Among other things, the Yocto Project uses QEMU to run automated | 
|  | Quality Assurance (QA) tests on final images shipped with each | 
|  | release. | 
|  | <note> | 
|  | This implementation is not the same as QEMU in general. | 
|  | </note> | 
|  | This section provides a brief reference for the Yocto Project | 
|  | implementation of QEMU. | 
|  | </para> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <para> | 
|  | For official information and documentation on QEMU in general, see | 
|  | the following references: | 
|  | <itemizedlist> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | <emphasis><ulink url='http://wiki.qemu.org/Main_Page'>QEMU Website</ulink>:</emphasis> | 
|  | The official website for the QEMU Open Source project. | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | <emphasis><ulink url='http://wiki.qemu.org/Manual'>Documentation</ulink>:</emphasis> | 
|  | The QEMU user manual. | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | </itemizedlist> | 
|  | </para> | 
|  | </section> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <section id='qemu-running-qemu'> | 
|  | <title>Running QEMU</title> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <para> | 
|  | To use QEMU, you need to have QEMU installed and initialized as | 
|  | well as have the proper artifacts (i.e. image files and root | 
|  | filesystems) available. | 
|  | Follow these general steps to run QEMU: | 
|  | <orderedlist> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | <emphasis>Install QEMU:</emphasis> | 
|  | QEMU is made available with the Yocto Project a number of | 
|  | ways. | 
|  | One method is to install a Software Development Kit (SDK). | 
|  | See | 
|  | "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_SDK_URL;#the-qemu-emulator'>The QEMU Emulator</ulink>" | 
|  | section in the Yocto Project Application Development and | 
|  | the Extensible Software Development Kit (eSDK) manual | 
|  | for information on how to install QEMU. | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | <emphasis>Setting Up the Environment:</emphasis> | 
|  | How you set up the QEMU environment depends on how you | 
|  | installed QEMU: | 
|  | <itemizedlist> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | If you cloned the <filename>poky</filename> | 
|  | repository or you downloaded and unpacked a | 
|  | Yocto Project release tarball, you can source | 
|  | the build environment script (i.e. | 
|  | <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#structure-core-script'><filename>&OE_INIT_FILE;</filename></ulink>): | 
|  | <literallayout class='monospaced'> | 
|  | $ cd ~/poky | 
|  | $ source oe-init-build-env | 
|  | </literallayout> | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | If you installed a cross-toolchain, you can | 
|  | run the script that initializes the toolchain. | 
|  | For example, the following commands run the | 
|  | initialization script from the default | 
|  | <filename>poky_sdk</filename> directory: | 
|  | <literallayout class='monospaced'> | 
|  | . ~/poky_sdk/environment-setup-core2-64-poky-linux | 
|  | </literallayout> | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | </itemizedlist> | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | <emphasis>Ensure the Artifacts are in Place:</emphasis> | 
|  | You need to be sure you have a pre-built kernel that | 
|  | will boot in QEMU. | 
|  | You also need the target root filesystem for your target | 
|  | machine’s architecture: | 
|  | <itemizedlist> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | If you have previously built an image for QEMU | 
|  | (e.g. <filename>qemux86</filename>, | 
|  | <filename>qemuarm</filename>, and so forth), | 
|  | then the artifacts are in place in your | 
|  | <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-directory'>Build Directory</ulink>. | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | If you have not built an image, you can go to the | 
|  | <ulink url='&YOCTO_MACHINES_DL_URL;'>machines/qemu</ulink> | 
|  | area and download a pre-built image that matches | 
|  | your architecture and can be run on QEMU. | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | </itemizedlist></para> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <para>See the | 
|  | "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_SDK_URL;#sdk-extracting-the-root-filesystem'>Extracting the Root Filesystem</ulink>" | 
|  | section in the Yocto Project Application Development and | 
|  | the Extensible Software Development Kit (eSDK) manual | 
|  | for information on how to extract a root filesystem. | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | <emphasis>Run QEMU:</emphasis> | 
|  | The basic <filename>runqemu</filename> command syntax is as | 
|  | follows: | 
|  | <literallayout class='monospaced'> | 
|  | $ runqemu [<replaceable>option</replaceable> ]  [...] | 
|  | </literallayout> | 
|  | Based on what you provide on the command line, | 
|  | <filename>runqemu</filename> does a good job of figuring | 
|  | out what you are trying to do. | 
|  | For example, by default, QEMU looks for the most recently | 
|  | built image according to the timestamp when it needs to | 
|  | look for an image. | 
|  | Minimally, through the use of options, you must provide | 
|  | either a machine name, a virtual machine image | 
|  | (<filename>*wic.vmdk</filename>), or a kernel image | 
|  | (<filename>*.bin</filename>).</para> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <para>Here are some additional examples to help illustrate | 
|  | further QEMU: | 
|  | <itemizedlist> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | This example starts QEMU with | 
|  | <replaceable>MACHINE</replaceable> set to "qemux86-64". | 
|  | Assuming a standard | 
|  | <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-directory'>Build Directory</ulink>, | 
|  | <filename>runqemu</filename> automatically finds the | 
|  | <filename>bzImage-qemux86-64.bin</filename> image file and | 
|  | the | 
|  | <filename>core-image-minimal-qemux86-64-20200218002850.rootfs.ext4</filename> | 
|  | (assuming the current build created a | 
|  | <filename>core-image-minimal</filename> image). | 
|  | <note> | 
|  | When more than one image with the same name exists, QEMU finds | 
|  | and uses the most recently built image according to the | 
|  | timestamp. | 
|  | </note> | 
|  | <literallayout class='monospaced'> | 
|  | $ runqemu qemux86-64 | 
|  | </literallayout> | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | This example produces the exact same results as the | 
|  | previous example. | 
|  | This command, however, specifically provides the image | 
|  | and root filesystem type. | 
|  | <literallayout class='monospaced'> | 
|  | $ runqemu qemux86-64 core-image-minimal ext4 | 
|  | </literallayout> | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | This example specifies to boot an initial RAM disk image | 
|  | and to enable audio in QEMU. | 
|  | For this case, <filename>runqemu</filename> set the | 
|  | internal variable <filename>FSTYPE</filename> to | 
|  | "cpio.gz". | 
|  | Also, for audio to be enabled, an appropriate driver must | 
|  | be installed (see the previous description for the | 
|  | <filename>audio</filename> option for more information). | 
|  | <literallayout class='monospaced'> | 
|  | $ runqemu qemux86-64 ramfs audio | 
|  | </literallayout> | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | This example does not provide enough information for | 
|  | QEMU to launch. | 
|  | While the command does provide a root filesystem type, it | 
|  | must also minimally provide a | 
|  | <replaceable>MACHINE</replaceable>, | 
|  | <replaceable>KERNEL</replaceable>, or | 
|  | <replaceable>VM</replaceable> option. | 
|  | <literallayout class='monospaced'> | 
|  | $ runqemu ext4 | 
|  | </literallayout> | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | This example specifies to boot a virtual machine | 
|  | image (<filename>.wic.vmdk</filename> file). | 
|  | From the <filename>.wic.vmdk</filename>, | 
|  | <filename>runqemu</filename> determines the QEMU | 
|  | architecture (<replaceable>MACHINE</replaceable>) to be | 
|  | "qemux86-64" and the root filesystem type to be "vmdk". | 
|  | <literallayout class='monospaced'> | 
|  | $ runqemu /home/scott-lenovo/vm/core-image-minimal-qemux86-64.wic.vmdk | 
|  | </literallayout> | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | </itemizedlist> | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | </orderedlist> | 
|  | </para> | 
|  | </section> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <section id='switching-between-consoles'> | 
|  | <title>Switching Between Consoles</title> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <para> | 
|  | When booting or running QEMU, you can switch between | 
|  | supported consoles by using | 
|  | Ctrl+Alt+<replaceable>number</replaceable>. | 
|  | For example, Ctrl+Alt+3 switches you to the serial console | 
|  | as long as that console is enabled. | 
|  | Being able to switch consoles is helpful, for example, if | 
|  | the main QEMU console breaks for some reason. | 
|  | <note> | 
|  | Usually, "2" gets you to the main console and "3" | 
|  | gets you to the serial console. | 
|  | </note> | 
|  | </para> | 
|  | </section> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <section id='removing-the-splash-screen'> | 
|  | <title>Removing the Splash Screen</title> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <para> | 
|  | You can remove the splash screen when QEMU is booting by | 
|  | using Alt+left. | 
|  | Removing the splash screen allows you to see what is | 
|  | happening in the background. | 
|  | </para> | 
|  | </section> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <section id='disabling-the-cursor-grab'> | 
|  | <title>Disabling the Cursor Grab</title> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <para> | 
|  | The default QEMU integration captures the cursor within the | 
|  | main window. | 
|  | It does this since standard mouse devices only provide | 
|  | relative input and not absolute coordinates. | 
|  | You then have to break out of the grab using the "Ctrl+Alt" | 
|  | key combination. | 
|  | However, the Yocto Project's integration of QEMU enables | 
|  | the wacom USB touch pad driver by default to allow input | 
|  | of absolute coordinates. | 
|  | This default means that the mouse can enter and leave the | 
|  | main window without the grab taking effect leading to a | 
|  | better user experience. | 
|  | </para> | 
|  | </section> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <section id='qemu-running-under-a-network-file-system-nfs-server'> | 
|  | <title>Running Under a Network File System (NFS) Server</title> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <para> | 
|  | One method for running QEMU is to run it on an NFS server. | 
|  | This is useful when you need to access the same file system | 
|  | from both the build and the emulated system at the same time. | 
|  | It is also worth noting that the system does not need root | 
|  | privileges to run. | 
|  | It uses a user space NFS server to avoid that. | 
|  | Follow these steps to set up for running QEMU using an NFS | 
|  | server. | 
|  | <orderedlist> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | <emphasis>Extract a Root Filesystem:</emphasis> | 
|  | Once you are able to run QEMU in your environment, you can | 
|  | use the <filename>runqemu-extract-sdk</filename> script, | 
|  | which is located in the <filename>scripts</filename> | 
|  | directory along with the <filename>runqemu</filename> | 
|  | script.</para> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <para>The <filename>runqemu-extract-sdk</filename> takes a | 
|  | root filesystem tarball and extracts it into a location | 
|  | that you specify. | 
|  | Here is an example that takes a file system and | 
|  | extracts it to a directory named | 
|  | <filename>test-nfs</filename>: | 
|  | <literallayout class='monospaced'> | 
|  | runqemu-extract-sdk ./tmp/deploy/images/qemux86-64/core-image-sato-qemux86-64.tar.bz2 test-nfs | 
|  | </literallayout> | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | <emphasis>Start QEMU:</emphasis> | 
|  | Once you have extracted the file system, you can run | 
|  | <filename>runqemu</filename> normally with the additional | 
|  | location of the file system. | 
|  | You can then also make changes to the files within | 
|  | <filename>./test-nfs</filename> and see those changes | 
|  | appear in the image in real time. | 
|  | Here is an example using the <filename>qemux86</filename> | 
|  | image: | 
|  | <literallayout class='monospaced'> | 
|  | runqemu qemux86-64 ./test-nfs | 
|  | </literallayout> | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | </orderedlist> | 
|  | <note> | 
|  | <para> | 
|  | Should you need to start, stop, or restart the NFS share, | 
|  | you can use the following commands: | 
|  | <itemizedlist> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | The following command starts the NFS share: | 
|  | <literallayout class='monospaced'> | 
|  | runqemu-export-rootfs start <replaceable>file-system-location</replaceable> | 
|  | </literallayout> | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | The following command stops the NFS share: | 
|  | <literallayout class='monospaced'> | 
|  | runqemu-export-rootfs stop <replaceable>file-system-location</replaceable> | 
|  | </literallayout> | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | The following command restarts the NFS share: | 
|  | <literallayout class='monospaced'> | 
|  | runqemu-export-rootfs restart <replaceable>file-system-location</replaceable> | 
|  | </literallayout> | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | </itemizedlist> | 
|  | </para> | 
|  | </note> | 
|  | </para> | 
|  | </section> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <section id='qemu-kvm-cpu-compatibility'> | 
|  | <title>QEMU CPU Compatibility Under KVM</title> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <para> | 
|  | By default, the QEMU build compiles for and targets 64-bit and x86 | 
|  | <trademark class='registered'>Intel</trademark> <trademark class='trademark'>Core</trademark>2 | 
|  | Duo processors and 32-bit x86 | 
|  | <trademark class='registered'>Intel</trademark> <trademark class='registered'>Pentium</trademark> | 
|  | II processors. | 
|  | QEMU builds for and targets these CPU types because they display | 
|  | a broad range of CPU feature compatibility with many commonly | 
|  | used CPUs. | 
|  | </para> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <para> | 
|  | Despite this broad range of compatibility, the CPUs could support | 
|  | a feature that your host CPU does not support. | 
|  | Although this situation is not a problem when QEMU uses software | 
|  | emulation of the feature, it can be a problem when QEMU is | 
|  | running with KVM enabled. | 
|  | Specifically, software compiled with a certain CPU feature crashes | 
|  | when run on a CPU under KVM that does not support that feature. | 
|  | To work around this problem, you can override QEMU's runtime CPU | 
|  | setting by changing the <filename>QB_CPU_KVM</filename> | 
|  | variable in <filename>qemuboot.conf</filename> in the | 
|  | <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-directory'>Build Directory's</ulink> | 
|  | <filename>deploy/image</filename> directory. | 
|  | This setting specifies a <filename>-cpu</filename> option | 
|  | passed into QEMU in the <filename>runqemu</filename> script. | 
|  | Running <filename>qemu -cpu help</filename> returns a list of | 
|  | available supported CPU types. | 
|  | </para> | 
|  | </section> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <section id='qemu-dev-performance'> | 
|  | <title>QEMU Performance</title> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <para> | 
|  | Using QEMU to emulate your hardware can result in speed issues | 
|  | depending on the target and host architecture mix. | 
|  | For example, using the <filename>qemux86</filename> image in the | 
|  | emulator on an Intel-based 32-bit (x86) host machine is fast | 
|  | because the target and host architectures match. | 
|  | On the other hand, using the <filename>qemuarm</filename> image | 
|  | on the same Intel-based host can be slower. | 
|  | But, you still achieve faithful emulation of ARM-specific issues. | 
|  | </para> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <para> | 
|  | To speed things up, the QEMU images support using | 
|  | <filename>distcc</filename> to call a cross-compiler outside the | 
|  | emulated system. | 
|  | If you used <filename>runqemu</filename> to start QEMU, and the | 
|  | <filename>distccd</filename> application is present on the host | 
|  | system, any BitBake cross-compiling toolchain available from the | 
|  | build system is automatically used from within QEMU simply by | 
|  | calling <filename>distcc</filename>. | 
|  | You can accomplish this by defining the cross-compiler variable | 
|  | (e.g. <filename>export CC="distcc"</filename>). | 
|  | Alternatively, if you are using a suitable SDK image or the | 
|  | appropriate stand-alone toolchain is present, the toolchain is | 
|  | also automatically used. | 
|  | <note> | 
|  | Several mechanisms exist that let you connect to the system | 
|  | running on the QEMU emulator: | 
|  | <itemizedlist> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | QEMU provides a framebuffer interface that makes | 
|  | standard consoles available. | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | Generally, headless embedded devices have a serial port. | 
|  | If so, you can configure the operating system of the | 
|  | running image to use that port to run a console. | 
|  | The connection uses standard IP networking. | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | SSH servers exist in some QEMU images. | 
|  | The <filename>core-image-sato</filename> QEMU image | 
|  | has a Dropbear secure shell (SSH) server that runs | 
|  | with the root password disabled. | 
|  | The <filename>core-image-full-cmdline</filename> and | 
|  | <filename>core-image-lsb</filename> QEMU images | 
|  | have OpenSSH instead of Dropbear. | 
|  | Including these SSH servers allow you to use standard | 
|  | <filename>ssh</filename> and <filename>scp</filename> | 
|  | commands. | 
|  | The <filename>core-image-minimal</filename> QEMU image, | 
|  | however, contains no SSH server. | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | You can use a provided, user-space NFS server to boot | 
|  | the QEMU session using a local copy of the root | 
|  | filesystem on the host. | 
|  | In order to make this connection, you must extract a | 
|  | root filesystem tarball by using the | 
|  | <filename>runqemu-extract-sdk</filename> command. | 
|  | After running the command, you must then point the | 
|  | <filename>runqemu</filename> | 
|  | script to the extracted directory instead of a root | 
|  | filesystem image file. | 
|  | See the | 
|  | "<link linkend='qemu-running-under-a-network-file-system-nfs-server'>Running Under a Network File System (NFS) Server</link>" | 
|  | section for more information. | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | </itemizedlist> | 
|  | </note> | 
|  | </para> | 
|  | </section> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <section id='qemu-dev-command-line-syntax'> | 
|  | <title>QEMU Command-Line Syntax</title> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <para> | 
|  | The basic <filename>runqemu</filename> command syntax is as | 
|  | follows: | 
|  | <literallayout class='monospaced'> | 
|  | $ runqemu [<replaceable>option</replaceable> ]  [...] | 
|  | </literallayout> | 
|  | Based on what you provide on the command line, | 
|  | <filename>runqemu</filename> does a good job of figuring out what | 
|  | you are trying to do. | 
|  | For example, by default, QEMU looks for the most recently built | 
|  | image according to the timestamp when it needs to look for an | 
|  | image. | 
|  | Minimally, through the use of options, you must provide either | 
|  | a machine name, a virtual machine image | 
|  | (<filename>*wic.vmdk</filename>), or a kernel image | 
|  | (<filename>*.bin</filename>). | 
|  | </para> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <para> | 
|  | Following is the command-line help output for the | 
|  | <filename>runqemu</filename> command: | 
|  | <literallayout class='monospaced'> | 
|  | $ runqemu --help | 
|  |  | 
|  | Usage: you can run this script with any valid combination | 
|  | of the following environment variables (in any order): | 
|  | KERNEL - the kernel image file to use | 
|  | ROOTFS - the rootfs image file or nfsroot directory to use | 
|  | MACHINE - the machine name (optional, autodetected from KERNEL filename if unspecified) | 
|  | Simplified QEMU command-line options can be passed with: | 
|  | nographic - disable video console | 
|  | serial - enable a serial console on /dev/ttyS0 | 
|  | slirp - enable user networking, no root privileges is required | 
|  | kvm - enable KVM when running x86/x86_64 (VT-capable CPU required) | 
|  | kvm-vhost - enable KVM with vhost when running x86/x86_64 (VT-capable CPU required) | 
|  | publicvnc - enable a VNC server open to all hosts | 
|  | audio - enable audio | 
|  | [*/]ovmf* - OVMF firmware file or base name for booting with UEFI | 
|  | tcpserial=<port> - specify tcp serial port number | 
|  | biosdir=<dir> - specify custom bios dir | 
|  | biosfilename=<filename> - specify bios filename | 
|  | qemuparams=<xyz> - specify custom parameters to QEMU | 
|  | bootparams=<xyz> - specify custom kernel parameters during boot | 
|  | help, -h, --help: print this text | 
|  |  | 
|  | Examples: | 
|  | runqemu | 
|  | runqemu qemuarm | 
|  | runqemu tmp/deploy/images/qemuarm | 
|  | runqemu tmp/deploy/images/qemux86/<qemuboot.conf> | 
|  | runqemu qemux86-64 core-image-sato ext4 | 
|  | runqemu qemux86-64 wic-image-minimal wic | 
|  | runqemu path/to/bzImage-qemux86.bin path/to/nfsrootdir/ serial | 
|  | runqemu qemux86 iso/hddimg/wic.vmdk/wic.qcow2/wic.vdi/ramfs/cpio.gz... | 
|  | runqemu qemux86 qemuparams="-m 256" | 
|  | runqemu qemux86 bootparams="psplash=false" | 
|  | runqemu path/to/<image>-<machine>.wic | 
|  | runqemu path/to/<image>-<machine>.wic.vmdk | 
|  | </literallayout> | 
|  | </para> | 
|  | </section> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <section id='qemu-dev-runqemu-command-line-options'> | 
|  | <title><filename>runqemu</filename> Command-Line Options</title> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <para> | 
|  | Following is a description of <filename>runqemu</filename> | 
|  | options you can provide on the command line: | 
|  | <note><title>Tip</title> | 
|  | If you do provide some "illegal" option combination or perhaps | 
|  | you do not provide enough in the way of options, | 
|  | <filename>runqemu</filename> provides appropriate error | 
|  | messaging to help you correct the problem. | 
|  | </note> | 
|  | <itemizedlist> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | <replaceable>QEMUARCH</replaceable>: | 
|  | The QEMU machine architecture, which must be "qemuarm", | 
|  | "qemuarm64", "qemumips", "qemumips64", "qemuppc", | 
|  | "qemux86", or "qemux86-64". | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | <filename><replaceable>VM</replaceable></filename>: | 
|  | The virtual machine image, which must be a | 
|  | <filename>.wic.vmdk</filename> file. | 
|  | Use this option when you want to boot a | 
|  | <filename>.wic.vmdk</filename> image. | 
|  | The image filename you provide must contain one of the | 
|  | following strings: "qemux86-64", "qemux86", "qemuarm", | 
|  | "qemumips64", "qemumips", "qemuppc", or "qemush4". | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | <replaceable>ROOTFS</replaceable>: | 
|  | A root filesystem that has one of the following | 
|  | filetype extensions: "ext2", "ext3", "ext4", "jffs2", | 
|  | "nfs", or "btrfs". | 
|  | If the filename you provide for this option uses “nfs”, it | 
|  | must provide an explicit root filesystem path. | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | <replaceable>KERNEL</replaceable>: | 
|  | A kernel image, which is a <filename>.bin</filename> file. | 
|  | When you provide a <filename>.bin</filename> file, | 
|  | <filename>runqemu</filename> detects it and assumes the | 
|  | file is a kernel image. | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | <replaceable>MACHINE</replaceable>: | 
|  | The architecture of the QEMU machine, which must be one | 
|  | of the following: "qemux86", "qemux86-64", "qemuarm", | 
|  | "qemuarm64", "qemumips", “qemumips64", or "qemuppc". | 
|  | The <replaceable>MACHINE</replaceable> and | 
|  | <replaceable>QEMUARCH</replaceable> options are basically | 
|  | identical. | 
|  | If you do not provide a <replaceable>MACHINE</replaceable> | 
|  | option, <filename>runqemu</filename> tries to determine | 
|  | it based on other options. | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | <filename>ramfs</filename>: | 
|  | Indicates you are booting an initial RAM disk (initramfs) | 
|  | image, which means the <filename>FSTYPE</filename> is | 
|  | <filename>cpio.gz</filename>. | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | <filename>iso</filename>: | 
|  | Indicates you are booting an ISO image, which means the | 
|  | <filename>FSTYPE</filename> is | 
|  | <filename>.iso</filename>. | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | <filename>nographic</filename>: | 
|  | Disables the video console, which sets the console to | 
|  | "ttys0". | 
|  | This option is useful when you have logged into a server | 
|  | and you do not want to disable forwarding from the | 
|  | X Window System (X11) to your workstation or laptop. | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | <filename>serial</filename>: | 
|  | Enables a serial console on | 
|  | <filename>/dev/ttyS0</filename>. | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | <filename>biosdir</filename>: | 
|  | Establishes a custom directory for BIOS, VGA BIOS and | 
|  | keymaps. | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | <filename>biosfilename</filename>: | 
|  | Establishes a custom BIOS name. | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | <filename>qemuparams=\"<replaceable>xyz</replaceable>\"</filename>: | 
|  | Specifies custom QEMU parameters. | 
|  | Use this option to pass options other than the simple | 
|  | "kvm" and "serial" options. | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | <listitem><para><filename>bootparams=\"<replaceable>xyz</replaceable>\"</filename>: | 
|  | Specifies custom boot parameters for the kernel. | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | <filename>audio</filename>: | 
|  | Enables audio in QEMU. | 
|  | The <replaceable>MACHINE</replaceable> option must be | 
|  | either "qemux86" or "qemux86-64" in order for audio to be | 
|  | enabled. | 
|  | Additionally, the <filename>snd_intel8x0</filename> | 
|  | or <filename>snd_ens1370</filename> driver must be | 
|  | installed in linux guest. | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | <filename>slirp</filename>: | 
|  | Enables "slirp" networking, which is a different way | 
|  | of networking that does not need root access | 
|  | but also is not as easy to use or comprehensive | 
|  | as the default. | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | <listitem><para id='kvm-cond'> | 
|  | <filename>kvm</filename>: | 
|  | Enables KVM when running "qemux86" or "qemux86-64" | 
|  | QEMU architectures. | 
|  | For KVM to work, all the following conditions must be met: | 
|  | <itemizedlist> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | Your <replaceable>MACHINE</replaceable> must be either | 
|  | qemux86" or "qemux86-64". | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | Your build host has to have the KVM modules | 
|  | installed, which are | 
|  | <filename>/dev/kvm</filename>. | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | The  build host <filename>/dev/kvm</filename> | 
|  | directory has to be both writable and readable. | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | </itemizedlist> | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | <filename>kvm-vhost</filename>: | 
|  | Enables KVM with VHOST support when running "qemux86" | 
|  | or "qemux86-64" QEMU architectures. | 
|  | For KVM with VHOST to work, the following conditions must | 
|  | be met: | 
|  | <itemizedlist> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | <link linkend='kvm-cond'>kvm</link> option | 
|  | conditions must be met. | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | Your build host has to have virtio net device, which | 
|  | are <filename>/dev/vhost-net</filename>. | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | The build host <filename>/dev/vhost-net</filename> | 
|  | directory has to be either readable or writable | 
|  | and “slirp-enabled”. | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | </itemizedlist> | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | <listitem><para> | 
|  | <filename>publicvnc</filename>: | 
|  | Enables a VNC server open to all hosts. | 
|  | </para></listitem> | 
|  | </itemizedlist> | 
|  | </para> | 
|  | </section> | 
|  | </chapter> | 
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